1st International Workshop Technical Report

2nd International Workshop Technical Report

3rd International Workshop Conference Proceedings

3rd International Workshop Technical Report

Abstract: The current Brazilian Bill for Solid Waste will impact 5564 Brazilian municipalities, which need to be mobilized to adopt policies and actions for waste treatment in accordance with the Act. The project may empower millions of businesses and individuals, because in case of damage involving solid waste responsibility for the implementation of corrective measures, they will be charged from the causer of the damage, jointly with its generator. Product life cycle, environmentally appropriate final destination, and flow of solid waste integrated management are objects of this Project Act. It presents the accounting in emergy as an alternative to consistently assess the impacts of solid waste on the biosphere, because its amplitude goes beyond the frontiers of economic and production systems (extraction, production, use and disposal), breaking into the environment of ecosystems. It also presents some experiences with this methodology as a tool to support integrated management of solid wastes, establishing performance indicators and assessment of environmental impacts. Mankind has walked to the degradation of the natural environment, and needs to decide whether “homo sapiens” will pollute the natural resources with enormous damage to the biosphere, or manage the waste in an integrated manner with the ecosystems in order to keep them sustainable. The accounting in emergy is an important step to assess the ability of Earth to sustain our species.

Keywords: Solid waste, legislation, life cycle, emergy, indicators of sustainability

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Additional Step in PET Recyling to Enhance Properties

S. D. Mancini; J. A. S. Schwartzman; A. R. Nogueira; D. A. Kagohara (UNESP)

Abstract: Poly (ethylene terephthalate) – PET - recycling usually involves grinding, washing, drying and reprocessing. This study presents the results of an extra step in PET recycling: a chemical washing after the conventional one, aiming the production of more valuable recycled polymers. Oil PET bottles flakes were washed only with water and then submitted to reaction with aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide 5M at 90°C for 10 minutes (chemical washing). After rinsing and drying, the flakes were characterized by thermogravimetric and elemental analysis tests. The results indicated a higher purity of the chemical washed material in comparison with PET washed only with water: 99,3% and 96,7%, respectively.

Keywords: Recycling, PET, washing

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Adequacy to environmental law and to economic production: a study of Missal municipality (PR) - 2005-2007

F. L. S. Campos; P. G. S. C. M. Gomes (Faculdade Anglo-Americana-PR); D. Mondardo; K. S. Fernandes; L. B. dos Santos (UTFPR)

Abstract: The occupation of the Brazilian territory was always accomplished without planning, causing great damage to the environment. This study intends to compare the economical losses with the adaptation to the environmental legislation (Brazilian Law 4.771, of 15/09/1965), of the realized economic activities in the municipal district of Missal (PR), in the period of 2005-2007, with the earnings of the environmental improvement and the "sale" of quotas of CO2. After visits to the studied area, the use of GPS and economical calculations and you adapt, it could be concluded that the environmental and economical earnings are larger than the costs associated to the environmental handling.

Keywords: Environmental legislation, economic production, Missal

Adsorption of Reactive Black 5 Dye From Aqueous Solution By Coal Fly Ash

P. Cunico; C. P. Magdalena; T. E. M. Carvalho; D. A. Fungaro (IPEN-CENEN - São Paulo)

Abstract: The fly ash (CC6), a waste generated in a coal-fired electric power generation, was used as adsorbent to remove Reactive Black 5 (RP 5) dye from aqueous solutions. The effect of contact time was investigated on the adsorption process. The amounts adsorbed at equilibrium were measured. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were tested for their applicability. The isotherm adsorption data fit accordingly to the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 0.58 mg/g. The experimental results showed a high percentage removal of 44 to 91% for CC6. The high percentage removal of RB 5 dye onto fly ashes revealed that these materials could potentially be used as adsorbents in the reactive dye removal from textile wastewater.

Keywords: Adsorbent, dye, fly ash, reactive black 5

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Advantages of Cleaner Production Implementation

O. D. Perretti; N. Palmeri; G. Oliveira Neto; R. Kronig; O. Vendrametto (UNIP)

Abstract: The increasing ecological awareness, ambient preservation, social justice and concern with the future generations are directly related to the sustainable development of the companies. This article approaches the concept of Cleaner Production organized for activities of production and the positive effect to the environment. Through examples of improvement of packings, applied in a big multinational company installed in Brazil and in a small national industry, it is demonstrated the search for the improvement in its processes and the phases of the production cycle that can adjust the ambiently acceptable criteria

Keywords: Cleaner production, sustainable development, environment

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Aggregating the Environmental Benefits and Economic Benefits: A case study with application of CP

K. Faccin (UCS); T. Benvenuti (UERGS); D. Maffessoni (UERGS); J. M. Rocha (UNIPAMPA)

Abstract: The new economic context, based on fierce competition in the quest for market leadership, coupled with the rigid posture of customers, focused on the expectation to interact with organizations that are ethical, with good corporate image in the market and act in environmentally responsible, makes that companies seek to increase efficiency in the use of raw materials, water and energy through the non-generation, minimization or recycling of waste and emissions generated, bringing environmental benefits, occupational health and economic. This article describes the implementation of a program for cleaner production (P + L) in a typical metalworking firm, located in the cluster's production serra gaúcha. The methods used were the single case study and action research. We used several sources of data such as: documents, index, written reports and spreadsheets used by the company. This study aimed to contribute to the clarification of this issue, considered in the emerging globalized world. We tried to also provide information that could help with the learning of other organizations that are in this same context, and emphasize the benefits of P + L for businesses. With the implementation of cleaner production methodology of the company significantly reduced the generation of waste and the costs associated with them. It also reduced costs to the consumption of raw materials. With minimum investment return in that small space of time could accumulate economic and environmental benefits.

Keywords: Cleaner Production. productive efficiency. economic benefits, environmental benefits

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Air Pollution Emissions Trade of State of São Paulo

A. F. P. Pedro; S. P. Nogueira; F. D. Soler (Pedro Pinheiro Advogados)

Abstract: The necessity of compatible economic-social development with a minimization increasing effects of the pollution levels, and the degradation of air quality took the Estate of São Paulo to publish Decrees number 48.523/04 and number 50.753/06, “Decrees of Aerial Basin”. Those norms conjugate instruments of command and economic control for environment management of emissions, supporting in strong ness of the market to change the behavior of the industrious. In this way, sprouting the Atmospheric Emission Reduction Units (CEAR’s), like instrument of market which aim to guarantee economic and environment efficiency for the control of the air pollution, stimulating new sources already created to investing in technologies to generate credits and later sell it. After that, was necessary creating the Paulista Market of Atmospheric Emission (MPEA), aim of this study, which is an environment of negotiation of right to use the credits. This market now, is in phase of consolidation and is a simplified system, with aim the transmit credibility and transparency to the transference processes of CEAR’s, everything according to the environment protection and Brazilian Civil Code.  
The Paulista’s Atmospheric Emission Market aims the act of captivating founds more efficiently, as the enterpriser decides about the most convenient strategy, investing in the atmospheric polluter emission reduction in the industrial plant or acquiring rights with sellers who produced and detain CEAR’s.

Keywords: Emission market; aerial basin; economical instruments; atmospheric emission reduction units (CEAR’s)

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Alternative Fuels and Cogeneration for Reducing CO2 Emissions

J. A. P. Balestieri (UNESP)

Abstract: Cogeneration is growing worldwide based on the burning of fossil fuels – especially natural gas. Although its low emission factors, it is important to consider that the availability of natural resources must be taken into account for a long-term investment in the energy generation sector. The identification of alternative renewable fuels and the integration of cogeneration to certain industrial processes that produce some of these alternative fuels are evaluated in this paper.

Keywords: Cogeneration, alternative fuels, CO2 emissions minimization

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Analysis of phenolic compounds, methylxanthins and antioxidant activity of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) residue: a new potential source of antioxidants

M. A. Vieira; M. Maraschin; C. M. Pagliosa; R. Podestá; R. D. de M. C. Ambonie (UFSC)

Abstract: The erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) is a plant found in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, countries with the only producer worldwide occurrence, which holds significant social and economic importance. Due to the beneficial effects of erva-mate, its consumption is not confined only to producing countries. Among these tasks is their antioxidant properties, which can contribute to protection against oxidative processes in the human body, among these tasks is their, such as phenolic compounds and tannins the chemical compounds responsible for this effect and stimulant properties attributed to its contents of methylxanthins, such as caffeine. The aims of this research were to evaluate the phenolic, methylxanthinic and tannin composition of erva-mate residue (mate powder), to compare the quali/quantitative phenolic composition of extracts obtained from distinct solvent systems and the antioxidant potential of those extracts. Among the extracts prepared with different solvents, the 80% methanol extract showed the highest total polyphenol content (11.51 g/100g) followed by methanol acid, ethanol acid, 80% ethanol, distilled water and water acid. To compare the results of the TPC and antioxidant activity of the extracts is possible to observe that the higher phenolic content of the extracts resulted in increased antioxidant capacity in DPPH• e ABTS•+ methods. HPLC analysis showed 4,5 dicaffeoylquinic acid as the highest component of the phenolic fraction of mate powder followed by clorogenic acid. The caffeine, teobromina and tannin contents in mate powder were 1.01, 0.10 and 0.29 g/100g respectively. According to the results, this residue can be used as an ingredient in the formulation of functional foods adding value to the waste generated during processing of the erva-mate. Consumption of mate powder would significantly contribute to the antioxidant and stimulants intake, providing high amounts of phenolic acids, tannin and methylxanthins with potentially beneficial biological effects for human health.

Keywords: Ilex paraguariensis, residues, mate powder, phenolic acid, antioxidant capacity, methylxanthins, tannin

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Analysis of the Influence of Evaporation Temperature and Condensation Pressure, at the Coefficient of Effectiveness of an Absorption Cycle Designed to Produce Ideals Conditions to Store Fishes Using as a Hot Source the Heat from Burned Biomass

P. S. G. Carvalho (UNIP)

Abstract: There are many ways of to obtain low temperatures being absorption cycles one of the possibilities. It operates from hot sources and can generate temperatures near -20°C. This article analyses the influence of evaporation temperature and condensation pressure in the coefficient of  cooperation performance of a absorption cycle that get energy from a process that burns biomass, and the cycle is projected to be able to store fishes in good condition. In the development of this article, the author user the software named Engineering Equation Solver (E.E.S).

Keywords: Refrigeration systems, fish conservation

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Analysis on Cleaner Production policy and its results in China

Duan Ning, Bai Yan-ying, Yu Xiu-ling, Yin Jie, Song Dan-na (China National Cleaner Production Center)

Abstract: Divided into three stages, this paper elaborated the practice courses of Cleaner Production in China in last two decades, analyzing the characteristic of Chinese Cleaner Production policy in the different historical periods. It also analyzed the results of Cleaner Production policy in China according to the investigation and study data of Cleaner Production audit of national key enterprises from 2004 to 2007. The result indicated that the advancement pattern of the voluntary Cleaner Production audit and compulsory Cleaner Production audit effectively promoted the advancement of Cleaner Production in Chinese industry. The consciousness on Cleaner Production of the government, the enterprise and the public have had essential enhancement. The quantity of enterprises which implement Cleaner Production audit has been increasing. The Cleaner Production technical advisory services system was preliminary established. It is obvious to see the energy saving and emission reduction realized by Cleaner Production.

Keywords: Cleaner Production, policy, results, analysis

[Abstract] [Organizational Report] [Presentation]

Application of Cleaner Production tool in Plastic Recycling Process

F. P. Faria; E. B. A. V. Pacheco (UFRJ)

Abstract: This work shows suggestions for the accomplishment of the plastic recycling process in an environmentally friendly way, based in the Cleaner Production tool. Besides reduction of plastic consumption or reuse of packing, it is necessary to invest in recycling technology and the selective garbage separation for guaranteeing the minimization of sending waste to landfills. The recyclers, which receive as raw material the plastic waste, carry out the recycling in stages that might guarantee the minimum quality standards for production of new objects. As a tool of environment management, Cleaner Production can be used by companies to reduction of consumption of energy and water, as well as minimization in generation of waste. The stage of laundering, for example, is the one that involves greater water consumption that needs to be saved, treated and reused. The extrusion of the plastic material for molding in new products generates solid residues that also need to be recycled. Although the recycling process treats of garbage generally dirty and contaminated, it shall be carried out with an environmentally correct process.

Keywords: Recycling, plastic, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Application of electrochemical degradation of wastewater composed of mixtures of phenol - formaldehyde

A. L. T. Fornazari (USP - São Carlos-SP); G. R. P. Malpass (UFABC); D. W. Miwa; A. J. Motheo (USP - São Carlos-SP)

Abstract: Environmental problems caused by industrial processes are of great concern to society due to the possible introduction of toxic waste from products generated by the industry. Thus, researchers increasingly study new techniques to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of industrial effluents, always respecting the laws and regulations aimed at environmental protection. Electrochemical degradation is a promising alternative for the treatment of wastewater that contains organic compounds. In this work a dimensionally stable anode (DSA®) of nominal composition Ti/Ru0,3Ti0,7O2 was used to study the degradation of solutions containing a mixture of phenol and formaldehyde. The oxides electrodes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The galvanostatic degradation of mixtures of phenol – formaldehyde were monitored by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Total Organic Carbon Analysis (TOC). The effect of current density (10, 20, 40 and 50 mA cm-2), pH (3, 5, 7, 9 and 12) and supporting electrolytes (NaCl, NaNO3 and Na2SO4) was investigated. Energy consumption during electrolysis is also presented. The electro degradation of mixtures of phenol – formaldehyde proceeds via two different mechanism: active and non-active. The non active mechanism results in the complete combustion of organics to carbon dioxide. The active mechanism results in a selective oxidation, via degradation products. The results demonstrate that the electrochemical removal of organics is pH- dependent. In the most an effective current density (40 mA cm-2) 60% of TOC is removed.

Keywords: Dimensionally stable anodes, phenol, formaldehyde

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Application of the Concept of Industrial Ecology to the Integrated Management System: Advantages and associated environmental improvements

J. Gameiro; M. L. P. Silva (Siemens)

Abstract: The need for making human systems part of the natural ecosystems and similar to natural environment is clearly stated. This approach, which is the basis of Industrial Ecology, aims to enhance industrial symbiosis that might contribute to mitigate process or material loss. However, it is not very common to amend Industrial Ecology principles to management systems and furthermore, to Integrated Management Systems. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the sustainability impact of integrating the Industrial Ecology approach to the existing Integrated Management System at an electro electronic company in Brazil. The defined methodology followed the most important premises of Industrial Ecology aligned to the Integrated Management Systems requirements in the electro electronic sector. The case study was based on a worldwide company that presented all the segments within the sector, that is, microelectronics, surface mounting technology, printed circuit board, mounting and logistics. Moreover, the study considered material flow and performance analysis in order to define potential industrial metabolism and sustainability degrees, besides implementing an Industrial Ecology computer program that enabled better information communication and control. It was possible to conclude that the Industrial Ecology concept tools used in the company did benefit its industrial sustainability because it allowed more efficient processes through the use of metrics, involved most of the employees and operations, favored better process standardization, enhanced the systemic approach making the decision process easier once it was based on real time facts. It was observed that it also contributed to the adoption of methods, systems and procedures that enabled deep strategic change and improved cultural change, which is one of the essential aspects of sound sustainable development. Finally, it is suggested that Industrial Ecology be used as a fruitful metaphor for facilitating the improvement of sustainability. The tools developed in this study might be easily applied to any enterprise, independently of its size, level or production processes.

Keywords: Sustainability, industrial ecology, industrial metabolism, balanced scorecard, key performance indicators

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Application of the Methodology of Cleaner Production in the pré-Printing and Printing Phase in the Graphical Industry in the State of the Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

F. P. Canesin; M. B. P. dos Santos (UFF)

Abstract: The main purpose of this essay is describe the implementation of Cleaner production method in a Press Enterprise named Gráfica A, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro-Brazil, in order to improve its productive process. The Cleaner Production program was put into practice in a six month period, consisting in phases and steps which were established by UNEP. For this study the production of two printed products was considered: individuals sheets with an annual production of 3,9 million and books, with 232 pages, with an annual production of 12600 units. Environmental diagnosis of the process showed several opportunities in the pre-printing and printing phases of Gráfica A in water and energy consumption, solid waste generation, effluents and emissions. Practice of the method of Cleaner Production revealed that implementing certain changes, there should be a reduction of 37% in effluent generation; 45% in water consumption and 45% in plate solution reagent use. The obstacles found within this study were based on lack of budgetary forecast implementation for these changes; an organizational culture not fully directed toward the efficient use of the resources and the difficulty in implantation of projects that generate expenditure increase.

Keywords: Cleaner production, press enterprise, waste

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Are Sustainability Management Systems (SMS) really promising?

J. Esquer-Peralta; L. Velazquez; N. Munguia (University of Sonora - Mexico)

Abstract: The concepts of Sustainable Development (SD) and Management Systems (MS) are finding increasing acceptance in a variety of fields, including academy, politics, and non-governmental organizations. These concepts are also being used by the general population. This paper describes the perception of different experts by discussing about the usefulness of Sustainability Management Systems (SMS) as holistic systems which might integrate environmental, social, and economic elements. Fourteen interviews have been conducted to several experts around the world. Some of them are professional persons in Sustainability issues in general, and some of them in environmental, health and safety (EHS) issues in particular. The results have shown that, although there is a continuous debate on the sustainability approach, several core elements can be addressed through Sustainability Management Systems (SMS).

Keywords: Sustainability Management System (SMS), performance-based approach, sustainable development

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of a Coffee Farm

Y. Ogura; B. F. Giannetti; C. M. V. B. Almeida; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: The Cerrado, a savannah region, is Brazil’s second largest ecosystem after the Amazon rainforest and is also threatened with imminent destruction. A graphical tool was employed to assess the environmental performance of the production of coffee in a traditional farm in Cerrado region, Brazil. The graphical tool  allies the properties of the equilateral triangle and the emergy concepts. The present study presents the environmental assessment performed in the farm located in Coromandel, Minas Gerais, Brazil.  Results indicate that Brazilian green coffee production is adequated to  environment index evaluated by other academic studies, about agriculture. They also allow to analyze production’s data relative to environment indicators, in which can be observed an optimized production range  with fine environment performance.

Keywords: Coffee production, environmental account, emergy, ternary diagram

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Assessment of the Presence of Ecodesign Principles in a Chemical Company

M. Borchardt; M. A. Sellitto; G. M. Pereira (UNISINOS); M. H. Wendt (Artecola Indústrias Químicas)

Abstract: This paper presents a case study about ecodesign constructs assessment based on a multicriterial decision support method, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The assessment took place in a chemical firm. The methodology was developed considering that the application in other organizations, belonging to other industries, is available. Firstly, a theoretical framework about ecodesign concepts and practices was prepared. Then, a focus group with multidisciplinary team of experts in eco-conception identified seven ecodesign constructs describing the top term ecodesign. The constructs are: materials, product components, product and process characteristics, use of energy, product distribution and stocks, packing and waste. Each construct was deployed in items. Using the AHP, the ecodesign constructs were weighted by the company respondents and it was possible identified the relative importance of each construct.
The constructs with higher degree of importance were product and process characteristics and waste. At the end, a questionnaire was answered by the company team in order to check the performance of each item. Compiling the items performance, we can assess the construct performance. By comparing the assessed performance with the relative importance of each ecodesign constructs, it was possible to measure the gaps between importance and performance.

Keywords: Ecodesign, design for environment, analytic hierarchy process

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Barriers to the Implementation of Cleaner Production as Ecoefficiency Practice in Small and Medium Enterprises in the State of Rio de Janeiro

M. T. B. Rossi (UFF); M. M. L. Barata (IOC/Fiocruz-RJ)

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to identify how small and medium business in the state of Rio de Janeiro, can overcome the implementation barriers of cleaner production and as a consequence become more eco-efficient. In that context, the methodology used was the research and exploration of the available biography in order to identify the main known barriers for the implementation of cleaner production in the world and in Brazil, and its application and similarities to small enterprises located in Rio de Janeiro. As a result, a proposal for a strategic plan was developed including enabling actions for the adoption of cleaner production directed to the specific cases found in the small and medium companies of the Rio de Janeiro State.

Keywords: Cleaner Production, Barriers, Eco-efficiency, Strategy

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Biopaper obtained from microorganisms

L. Xavier Filho (Universidade Tiradentes); P. Basmaji (Inovatecs); C. V. Córdoba (Complutense University - Spain)

Abstract: We propose to produce biopaper from microorganisms’ biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose. The potential capacity of microorganisms to form biocellulose and hemicellulose fibers was analyzed. Biocellulose/biohemicellulose is expected to be a new biodegradable biopolymer.

Keywords: Biopolymer, fermentation, microorganisms, Acetobacter xylinum

[Abstract] [Paper]

Bottle-to Bottle PET recycling

A. F. Formigoni (UNESP); I. P. A. Campos (UNIP)

Abstract: Population growth and the continued incentive to consumption of discardable industrial products has led nowadays to a non-stop growing of the amount and the diversity of the urban waste. The option to just dispose of industrial, commercial and home waste in landfill sites has led to their near saturation. Employment of these residues as raw materials has been adopted as a solution to this problem, but is young as an activity and thus, still not recognized as the best alternative. In the present dissertation a critical analysis of the problems posed by the bottle-to-bottle recycling of PET, for use in the food industry, in the general context of PET recycling is presented. The loss and recovery of the desired material properties, chemical and biological contaminations are discussed herein, as well as the fundamental question what the law about it is nowadays, and why, and how it might be better formulated. At this point in time, the Brazilian market recycles ca. 50% of the total produced PET, and this means that there is still potential for a lot to be done in what regards to PET recycling.

Keywords: Recycling, environmental impact, PET, bottle to bottle

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

BSH and 20 years of Montreal Protocol

I. Ribeiro (BSH Continental)

Abstract: In 1987, in Montreal, the United Nations (UN) established a global action program called the Montreal Protocol, about substances which deplete the ozone layer. Ten years after the Montreal Protocol, the UN signed the Kyoto Protocol, which aims at reducing the emission of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. In alignment to these Protocols and confirming its environmental responsibility, since its opening in 1997, BSH Continental Home Appliances group – Hortolândia, incorporated the Hydrocarbon (HC) Cyclopentane as an isolating and expander agent. Following this continuous improvement philosophy and in tune with the Federal Government and the Ministry of the Environment, BSH Continental once again innovated and implemented, for the first time in the country, another HC in its production, the R600a refrigeration gas also known as Isobutane. The R600a is composed by carbon and hydrogen and it is considered a “natural fluid” similar to LP (Liquefied Petroleum), largely used in Europe, specially in Germany. The hydrocarbons – natural gases produced from petroleum totally harmless to the ozone layer and with a global warming potential value similar to the CO2. The hydrocarbons are refrigeration fluids intrinsically more efficient than the HFCs. It means that, with technological advances, the possibility for future reductions in the energy consumption of the refrigerators is more likely to happen than with the use of HFCs. For a country such as Brazil, with a significant potential for the increase of the number of household appliances per resident, the choice for more economic technological lines in the energy consumption, protection of the ozone layer and with the preservation of the global environment is, without a doubt, the challenge and the objective for the refrigeration industries that aim at manufacturing innovative products with clean technology and that contribute for the sustainability of the planet. Aware of the harmful effects to the Environment caused by the gases used in industrial processes that contribute for the depletion of the ozone layer and the global heating, BSH Continental, anticipating the implementation of more restrictive requirements for the use of these gases, included the isobutane gas (also known as R600a) in its production line or also call of R600a, which combined with the cyclopentane used as an insulator and expander, will form what we can call the 100% Ecological refrigerators.

Keywords: Global warming, ozone layer, isobutane, hydrocarbons

[Abstract] [Organizational Report in Portuguese]

Case Study for Recovering of Landfill Landscape of Toledo-PR

C. C. Meinerz (UNIOESTE); J. C. Klein; S. Dimbarre (UNIPAR); D. Mondardo; P. P. Bellone; L. B. Santos; F. Scherer (UNIOESTE)

Abstract: The work was to propose guidelines for the recovery of landfill landscape of Toledo - PR. The development of a technology coverage aimed specifically end the establishment of a vegetation, initially was based on an established diagnosis of physical and chemical characteristics of soil used in the final layers of coverage. We collected samples of soil in the depth of 0-20 cm, which were established some parameters such as pH, Saturation of bases, cation exchange capacity, macro and micro nutrients. The spontaneous flora of the area studied is composed of species that escaped from cultivation; from the remnants of species in natural surroundings. In this study may notice that there were no significant differences in relation to the relevant witness, therefore, the results allowed the suggestion of studies and definitions of species that can be used revegetated in the cell and closed the surroundings of the landfill in the municipality of Toledo-PR. The determination of the chemical analysis of soil from landfill showed great concentration of organic matter, derived from waste, can avail of nutrients already deposited in the soil, however, requiring small levels of application of fertilizer and lime to promote better development and resistance of the species recommended.

Keywords: Sanitary embankment, degraded area, revegetation, slope

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Challenges in the integrated management of health and the environment: the case of a university campus

Z. A. I. Miranda (SENAC)

Abstract: In this article we can see the experience of the implantation and certification of an Environment Management System in a different atmosphere from the usual undertakers atmosphere. This is the Santo Amaro Campus of the SENAC University Center , settled in an area of approximately 120 thousand square meters, which has 21 undergraduate courses and 7 graduate, in the health and environment areas, fashion and art, hotel management and tourism, exact sciences and design. Almost 4.000 people, among pupils, employees and teachers, 1/4 of this total is renewed during the year, this fact brings an additional difficulty to be certain that there will be a good level of participation and knowledge of these people. The Ecoefficiency Program was created by SENAC/SP in 2002, with the purpose of committing all its 60 units to the environment,  beyond its formal obligations of attending legal rules. 2005 was the beginning of the implantation of the SGA of the Campus, with the direct participation of 14 people, among directors, employees, teachers and pupils. In December of 2006 the campus concluded an exhaustive and well succeeded process of audit, as a way to guarantee its adjustment to the settled rules. The examined case presents peculiarities and changes relative to the usual processes of implementation and certification of environment management systems which are identified and discussed in this article. It is detachable that the adopted model anticipates 3 certification levels, with the purpose and growing, complexity, attending to a NBR ISO 14001:2004, and incorporating components of health and occupational security, creating an integrated management system. It was decided that to begin the certification process at once required the  level II, because of the complexity of its activities and by the necessity to incorporate the participation of the pupils to give credibility to the SGA.

Keywords: Environment management, auditing, certification

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects and Generation of Clean Technologies in Brazil

C. Andrade (UFBA); A. Costa (UFBA); L. Nápravnik-Filho (UNIFACS); A. C. Telésforo (UFBA); A. Ventura (UFBA)

Abstract: One of the Kyoto Protocol’s innovations was stipulating mechanisms that aim at the cooperation among countries to mitigate the climate change. Only the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) makes the participation of developing countries possible. The article’s goal is to evaluate the contribution of Brazilian CDM projects related to the Energy Industries for the generation of clean technologies. From the analysis of the 37 projects that had received carbon credits up to 2007, it is possible to conclude that this contribution remains incipient: only 3% of them could be characterized by the development of clean technologies focused on cleaner production. Thus, considering that clean technology and cleaner production are the most adequate environmental strategies to reach a sustainable development, it is not possible to affirm that these 37 Brazilian CDM projects are effectively contributing for this target. So, the analysis of the Brazilian projects related to the Energy Industries reveal that, at least in Brazil, CDM is far from achieving the fundamental purpose of minimizing the global warming via the stimulation of a cleaner development model relied on the cooperation among countries.

Keywords: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), clean technologies, cleaner production, brazilian energy industries

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production and Environmental Aspects in Sugar-alcohol Industries

R. P. Alvarenga; T. R. Queiroz (UNESP-Tupã)

Abstract: The sugar-alcohol sector can provide an important form of production with an efficient and environmentally correct. The problem of burning the straw of the cane for hand made harvest is already near-end. The law that puts an end to the burns, the current advance in the agro-mechanization and the increasing technological advancement of the cane harvesters are contributing in a systematic way to eliminate the problem of pollution from carbon dioxide. The management model used by the Cleaner Production of sugar mills and alcohol is not always what actually characterizes what happens in many sugar-alcohol industries. Moreover, the production of electric energy made by the sugar cane bagasse, the way of waste bagasse and filter sediments released to the environment weakened the production really clean. These are released to the ground often disregard the ability of the soil behaves.

Keywords: Sugar-alcohol Industries, sediments emission, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production and Ergonomics: a case of waste minimization and improvement of work conditions

E. C. Batiz; S. M. Alves; O. Gallo (SOCIESC); A. J. de Souza (Whirlpool)

Abstract: This paper was made in thermal treatment area, in salt bath oven of an enterprise of North of Santa Catarina. Its goal was to determinate the factors that influence to waste generation of salt used in process. It was observed that mean cause of wastefulness is the position which the workers are obligated to adopt due to pre-determinate procedure, as well, the layout and tools used. The impossibility of workers maintains the workpiece draining of salt inside of oven, that due to weight, tool characteristics and the area conditions, causes an additional worker position problem. With direct observation technique, mo, filming, pictures and spaghetti diagram verified that due to layout the workers walk 430 m daily and this is one of the causes of salt quantity that is waster. This quantity is around 2.1 ton/year. With use of ergonomic and cleaner production principles were eliminated the detected problem of worker position, as well the unnecessary passage of workers and workpieces. It was proven the existence of strong synergy between ergonomic and cleaner production. Also both can be applied to improve the environment and to preserve the health, as well, to guarantee the workers safety.

Keywords: Work conditions, waste minimization, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production Application in a Wood Industry in Amazon State

B. G. Pereira (INPA); I. R. Neto (UCB); K. Yuyama (INPA); H. G. Pereira (Kali-Umwelttechnik GmbH Sondershausen - Germany); C. L. P. de Matos (SEBRAE-AM)

Abstract: This study shows the proposal of implantation of the Clear Production program (PmaisL) in a company Portela Industry and Commerce of Wood, located in Manaus-Am. Currently, the Portela company, wood floor producer for the external market, operate only with 25% of capacity, because their have difficulties for to acquire more legalized raw material. In current situation view, have been suggested practical of PmaisL with low costs, and Sebrae-AM subsidy at Technological Consulting Program, with economic and Environmental benefits. From the application of PmaisL methodos and on the basis of the identified chances, were opted to working with improvement of operational practical in the wood drying sector, for also having a direct relation with the quality control and for being the initial plant process, it is a basic process for the wood improvement. As intervention proposal, was created and used one accompaniment time-table of temperature and humidity that controlling and programmer the best time of drying, to be followed by an employee detached for this function. This measure generated a reduction of four days in the setting time/heater, with reduction of 1,4% in raw material with defect, 50% of water consumption in the heater, 25% of energy consumption, 25% of exploitation of residues in the ovens, diminishing in 25% of pollutant gases emission. Other generated benefits had been: generation of a new job; reduction of risks with burning equipment and accidents caused for the lack control and the time increase of the drier. The good acceptance of the PmaisL by the manager was attributed for any cost for the company, therefore the implemented action was gave for actions changes and insertion of procedures in the tasks application.

Keywords: Environment management, residues reduction in the source, good practical, wood company, Amazon

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production Applied in Sealer Process of Paint Shop from an Automotive Company

L. Wiemes (FAMEC); U. Pawlowsky (UFPR)

Abstract: In an automotive company, much kind of residues are generated diary. They are of the most variety possible and have to be disposed properly too, according to the specifications that the company has to follow. To study a specific process or residue it took much time and trained people to evaluate the best way to avoid his generation. Normally, the person responsible to realize this study is a technical or an engineer and as the companies nowadays have greats dimensions and as the work realized in a department may cause impacts in another it was decided and more convenient to create a work group to develop and solve this problem. The work described in this article was developed in a sealer process of an automotive paint shop and the author’s presents here some of the steps adopted in cleaner production to reduce in the process application: quantity of material applied, numbers of operations and quantity of residues generated. A little discussion is elaborated at the end of the article and some considerations are showed to diffuse the best practices identified in this company.

Keywords: Painting process, protection, residues

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Cleaner Production applied to the Hotel Sector

S. P. López; R. R. Rodríguez; S. L. Funes (Centro de Producción Más Limpia del Bajío - Mexico)

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the Bajio Cleaner Production Center (Bajio CP Center) in its project conducted jointly with the Tourism Development Secretariat (SEDETUR) and the Guanajuato’s Environmental Protection Office (PROPAEG). The project called "Cleaner Production - Clean Company" focused on the hotel sector in the major cities of the state of Guanajuato. The objective of this project was to detect the potential savings in the use of raw materials, water and energy, and also contribute to a productive efficiency and reduction of operating costs of companies in this sector. In addition to the economic and environmental benefits achieved by the Cleaner Production (CP) and Energy Efficiency (EE) Implementation, PROPAEG joined efforts to design guidelines based on terms of reference for conducting environmental audits in the state of Guanajuato, to complement the Cleaner Production Diagnosis and Implementations. Therefore, under this scheme all the hotels that make a Cleaner Production project can get the "Clean Company" Certificate issued by PROPAEG, so in a single project the hotel can get environmental regulatory compliance, financial savings, improves public image, increases competitiveness, minimizes negative environmental impacts and the efficient use of raw materials, water and energy. So far, 34 hotels in the cities of León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Silao and San Miguel de Allende have participated in this project. Some of the results obtained are: awareness and training to over 100 employees from the participating hotels, in terms of productive efficiency, pollution control and pollution prevention. The detection of areas of opportunity in CP and EE in 34 hotels can lead to an estimated savings potential of $3 million of Mexican pesos (around 250,000 USD). The implementation of CP and EE at four different hotels is being translated in a decrease in water consumption of 52,987 m3/year, a decrease in polyethylene bag of 1740 kg/year, a decrease of 1,532 l/year of liquid chemicals and 2,065 kg/year of solid wastes. In regard to energy, there will be a decrease in diesel consumption of 5,790 l/year, a decrease in the consumption of LP gas of 47,374 l/year and a reduction in electricity consumption of 20,308 kWh; all this translated also in a decrease in CO2 emissions to the atmosphere of about 135 ton/year. The economic benefits are savings for $ 1,191,300 pesos/year, with a required investment of about $ 218,592 pesos, which has a simple recovery rate of 2 months. Also, 3 hotels obtained the "Clean Company" certificate with a total compliance with environmental laws of the state of Guanajuato.

Keywords: Cleaner Production, Guanajuato, hotels

[Abstract] [Paper in Spanish] [Presentation]

Cleaner Production Evaluation System (SAPmaisl): Encouraging The Continuous Improvement

R. F. W. Neetzow; J. M. Oliveira (SENAI-RS); A. V. Souza (Apoio Consultoria)

Abstract: This report presents the experience carried out for the development and validation of a methodology based on the concepts of the Cleaner Production (CP) through a checking system on the continuous improvement of the CP actions implemented by the companies, with the aim to monitor and contribute for the reduction of the environmental impact generated by them. The study was developed as the extent of a Project under the technical coordination of Cleaner Technologies National Center – CNTL – at SENAI RS, with the financial support by SENAI – National Department and the Regional Departments of the states Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Bahia. Twenty three (23) companies took part on the study as pilot companies. The standard environmental performance evaluation methodology was developed based on the concepts of the CP. The norm worked out defined the following: the selection criteria of the companies to take part on the pilot project, the requirements of the Cleaner Production Evaluation System (CPES) which where verified by specialists, the certification steps in compliance to the CPES, the goals, the conditions to make pre evaluations, the issue of the CPES Support Certificate, the criteria used in order to reach the goals and the evidences to prove the compliance, the evaluation criteria, how would the company be recommended, how would this recommendation be validated, the expiring date of the certificate and how would the evaluation cycles be. The pilot companies have defined three (3) Environmental Aspects which were monitored during three (3) months, through Operational Performance Indicators. After that, in each state a technical consultancy was made in order to adjust the companies, with the aim to validate the methodology of Environmental Performance Evaluation, based on the concepts of CP. A group of specialists was selected and trained to make environmental performance evaluation at the companies, based on the concepts of CP. The results were presented by the companies showing the environmental benefits and the economic outcomes obtained. Finally, it was made a Verifying Auditory on the compliance of the proposed goals by the trained specialists and the companies who showed the proposed reductions received the CPES Approval Certificate and the CP Seal. This study presents as an example the case study of a pilot company in RS that took part in the study.

Keywords: Indicators, cleaner production, environmental performance evaluation, environmental performance indicator, operational performance indicator

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production in Construction Sector

L. S. Goron (PPGEM); R. M. C. Tubino (UFRGS)

Abstract: Brazilian National Environmental Council created, in july 2002 the 307 resolution, which started to be value in January, 2005. Since then the construction sites had to adequate their site works. Because of it, trying to reduce the environmental impacts and a better efficiency of the construction process, it was created in Porto Alegre, Brazil, a group of 7 contractors partially sponsored by SEBRAE and supported  by National Center of Clean Technologies- CNTL and Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul- UFRGS, with the objective of the application of the Clean Production methodology. This paper reports this experience of the construction sector, with very good economical results to the participants enterprises.

Keywords: Construction solid waste, clean production, environmental impacts

[Abstract] [Organizational Report in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production in Construction Sector: a proposal of minimization of residues in the source

C. Mattosinho (UFPE); P. Pionório (FASETE)

Abstract: The industrial residues make possible to verify an enormous inefficiency in the productive processes, being been that the same ones directly affect the conditions of life of the humanity. The construction sector possesss an enormous parcel of contribution in the deterioration of the ambient quality, since one of its characteristics is the used raw material wastefulness and assistant in the constructive processes of urban enterprises. The present work has as objective to consider a solution to minimize the generation of solid residues in Construction Sector, through the application of the Clean Production methodology. Thus, the main contribution of this work was to demonstrate the possibility of if acting in the cause of the generation of the residues of the sector of civil construction, that is, to breach the paradigm of that wastefulnesses are characteristic of the sector and that the techniques of external recycling are the only exit to reduce the ambient degradation of constructive processes.

Keywords: Construction solid waste, clean production, environmental impacts

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production in Sector for the Manufacture of Leather Artifacts: Overview and Considerations

K. M. C. Mattos; M. R. Monteiro (UFSCar)

Abstract: The environmental concern with the residues of the Sector of Manufacture of Leather Devices is justified by the high generated volume and by the degree of contamination with toxic metals of these residues. The residues of the leather contain high dosage of chromium - substance used in the tanning of bovine skin. It’s not degradable, chromium is a risk of contamination of soil and groundwater in areas where residues are deposited. The substance is a heavy metal that can cause allergies and even cancer, if present in large quantities in the human body. Heavy metals, such as chromium, differ from other toxic agents because they are not synthesized or destroyed by man. Residues containing toxic metals have high power to contamination, than the cost of the high cost for its disposal in industrial landfills. Within this context, the paper presents an overview on the sector, the importance of the methodology of Cleaner Production and the first steps of this tool to evaluate the productive process and try to minimize residues generation, reduce costs, increase competitiveness and gain environmental sector and the population as a whole.

Keywords: Residues, leather, chrome, cleaner production, management system

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production on Bakeries: Perspectives and Oportunities

E. M. M. A. Nóbrega; T. C. B. Pereira (CEPIS-PB); C. Buser (Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz - Switzerland); A. F. F. Queiroga; E. P. de Almeida; L. R. Porto (CEPIS-PB)

Abstract: The relationship between mankind and nature has suffered many mutations a long of the years, leaving different marks in the landscape with different effects. Among these marks, one can emphasise the desertification process which is caused by predatory anthropic actions and the exploitation of natural resources in very fragile environments, generating desert-like areas which affect, as a result, the life quality of thousands of people in the entire world. In the State of Paraíba, firewood is nearly disappearing and is becoming rare for it has been used in an unplanned and random way by many industries. The intense use of firewood in the State of Paraíba justifies and motivates CEPIS – Centro de Produção Industrial Sustentável (Centre of Sustainable Industrial Production) which is an action of SEBRAE-PB and the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs of Switzerland (SECO), and is technically supported by the University of Applied Sciences of Northwestern Switzerland (Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz). CEPIS aims at taking C+P actions in the bakery sector in order to reduce the environmental impacts through the rationale use of energetic resources and through the optimization of the productive process. The main goal of the project is to identify opportunities to improve the productive process of bakeries, applying the Cleaner Production Methodology. To achieve this goal, data is collected (Quickscan), the results are analysed (EcoInspector), there is a discussion and identification of potential opportunities of improvements, and suggestions of Cleaner Production are raised. After analysing the obtained results, it is observed that the identified options may be considered the first step to find feasible Cleaner Production solutions, However, it is important to emphasize that some options such as good housekeeping practices may be identified and implemented straight away to bring economic and environmental benefits to the company in a short time.

Keywords: Bakeries, cleaner production, wood and energetic efficiency

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production Program in the cut sector of a textile industry

F. F. Rubino; J. C. Campos;  L. Yokoyama (UFRJ); D. S. A. Batista (FIRJAN)

Abstract: One of the largest challenges of the organizations is to keep the competitiveness in the global market in a sustainable way and to assist the need to minimize the environmental impacts. Like this, this paper has as objectives the application of the Cleaner Production in the section of cut of a big textile industry, in way to modify old habits of the company. Through the minimization of the generation of residues and better use the raw material, they are obtained environmental and financial benefits. So, the enterprise will be fortified. Cleaner Production in the cut sector of the textile industry reached the economic benefit about R$ 550 thousand; improvements in the system of information; beyond the awareness on the part of the company of the importance of the employees training.

Keywords: Cleaner production, sustainable development

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production: The Case of the Automotive Metal-mechanic Local Productive Arrangement from Serra Gaúcha

E. A. Severo; P. M. Olea; G. S. Milan; E. Dorion (UCS)

Abstract: Industrial production allied to a vertiginous economic improvement, during the last decades, has provoked negative impacts to the planet’s natural resources, what reflects in society’s life quality and environmental health. Currently humanity has faced extremely complex environmental problems, whose solution seems to be in applying a preventive environmental strategy, instead of having corrective actions. Undertaker strategies, up to then summarized to the economic matter, such as competitiveness, efficiency, profitability, etc, start to concern about environmental variables, and it is, then, vital to incorporate them to productive processes. Organizations started to adopt new technological strategies, by means of implanting environmental management systems. Face the environmental matter, these systems are seen as a competitive difference, as well as a factor of organizational improvement, in order to rationalize the consumption of natural resources. The expectation is environmental management strategies, besides decreasing the environmental impacts, may generate more profit, increasing the company’s competitiveness and efficiency. Within this scenery, there are different methodologies in environmental management, as well as practices of Cleaner Production, which consider the opportunity of reducing costs, once a polluting organization is usually an entity that wastes raw material and inputs. The objective of this study was to identify environmental innovations, Cleaner Production methodologies and the results of implementing all of this. Three companies were analyzed in the Automotive Metal-mechanic Local Productive Arrangement from Serra Gaúcha (South of Brazil). It is a multi-case qualitative research. From the results, it is possible to highlight companies implemented technological innovations, once the objective was to improve the productive process. Results from the implementation of Cleaner Production
methodologies show the studied companies had improvements in factors related to the
productive process, such as increasing the operational efficiency, reducing costs with raw
material and energy, and improving the product’s environmental quality. Consequently, all these improvements have generated competitive advantage for the company that is placed in a more and more global scenery.

Keywords: Cleaner production, environmental management, operational efficiency

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production: the report of an experience

Presented by: F. C. F. Clementino; F. J. P. Pereira (SEBRAE-RN)

Abstract: The SEBRAE of RN, in partnership with CNTL/SENAI-RS carried out a course to form consultants in cleaner production for small and micro companies. As a participant, I carried out the practical part of the consultance in cleaner production in the company Tecniplas Nordeste Plásticos Reforçados Ltda., situated in Natal/RN. Therefore,  it was used a computer program  involving several determinations, being presented in this narrative some information regarding cleaner production and the reduction of waste as: case study and economics and environmental results

Keywords: Cleaner production, waste reduction, environment

[Abstract] [Organizational Report in Portuguese]

CO2 Flow Accounting in a Commercial Bamboo Plantation Aiming the Paper Production

L. Ghelmandi Netto; B. F. Giannetti (UNIP)

Abstract: Given the significance of climate change for the sustainability of human society, the need for studies that address the storage of CO2 is increasingly important. Thus, this study evaluates the potential for mitigation of global emissions of CO2 in commercial plantations. In this case, the system chosen for study is a commercial plantation of bamboo for the paper production industry, located in northeastern Brazil. Besides the main activity of the plantation, additional scenarios has been adopted, heading a more complete evaluation of CO2 released and stored in the lifetime of the bamboo plantation (25 years). Alternatives for reducing the CO2 released in the use of plantation’s resources were also studied.

Keywords: Commercial plantation, bamboo, CO2 emission, CO2 storage, paper production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Comparative Analysis of Houses Construction Using Emergy Accounting

C. S. Carvalho (Universidad Alberto Hurtado - Chile), Y. Ogura (UNIP), E. Grinover (Grinover Associados), A. R. P. L. Albuquerque (UNIP)

Abstract: We present an application of the methodology of environmental accounting in emergy, comparing the environmental impact generated by a house designed in a timber production system of "exploitation", the second wood of the first use and third, masonry type, from the same architectural project. By using the graphical tool - ternary diagram - , rates the emergy flow and environmental indicators in emergy, in the three models studied. The results showed a favorable trend for the home designed in wood production system of "exploitation", all indicators were higher than the other two cases under study, highlighting the environmental sustainability index of 125 times larger than the house of masonry. This system proved to be less constructive aggressive to the environment, which may allow the adoption of this house as a habitation solution of Vilhena in the state of Roraima, the city adopted as a model for this study.

Keywords: Environmental sustainability, emergy account, environmental indicators, sustainable constructive system, "exploitation" wood

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Comparative Study of the Sustainability and the Human Development Index

F. J. C. Demetrio; B. F. Giannetti; C. M. V. B. de Almeida (UNIP)

Abstract: This paper presents the environmental and economic study of the city of São Luís was used in the accounts came to calculate the ESI. It develops also study about the HDI and related method is by comparison with other cities. It is the result that the city of São Luís has a medium ESI, equal to 2.9. The ESI is much better than the other cities under study have a high HDI, thus generating a discussion between the development model adopted by the cities.

Keywords: Emergy, Human Development Index, urban sustainability, ternary diagram

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Comparative Study with Emphasis on Emergy Environmental Sustainability of food with nutritional similarity

R. L. Guarnetti; B. F. Giannetti (UNIP)

Abstract: Well known and traditional foods such as potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage and beans have important place in the world’s alimentation. Options for not so well known foods in the West, but rather consumed in Asian countries such as bamboo shoots, offer nutritional value comparable to many of these traditional aliments. In this sense, aspects of environmental sustainability of these aliments were evaluated and compared. Among them, bamboo shoots are more sustainable. When the study considers the production efficiency, the potato is the better option. The main nutrients of each aliment according to the emergy per unit invested were also evaluated to find more sustainable options for obtaining a specific nutrient from these aliments.

Keywords: Bamboo shoot, ternary diagram, emergy, sustainability

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Continuous Improvement of Processes on the Electronic Sector: obtaining Environmental Indicators using Software

E. F. de Queiroz (CPMBraxis IT Services-SP); M. L. P. da Silva (USP & FATEC)

Abstract: The need for sustainability on human entrepreneurship leads to changes in management. Some changes can be aided by Industrial Ecology concept and enterprise planning (ERP) software. Therefore, the aim of this work was obtaining appropriate methodology to use enterprise software on the implementation of Industrial Ecology concept. The electronic sector was chosen to be evaluated and case studies analyzed any part of this sector. The software is used on definition of sustainability indicators and on identification of processes improvement due to Industrial Ecosystems formation. Due to the high value of electronic products, several cost reductions, social and environmental improvements were detected. The improvements came from the reuse of non products, inside or outside the entrepreneurship, and some efforts should be done on Industrial Ecosystem formation on this sector. Case studies showed as main parameter the distance between the enterprises and as one of most important environmental parameter the carbon dioxide emission. Nowadays, the sector is an open cycle production with high emission. However, on Microeletronics raw material production, the use of quartz fragments and sugar cane bagasse is an interesting approach that requires changes on production site due to the distance. Microeletronic can reuse water in closed cycle or with galvanic enterprise combination, other reactants and aqueous solutions are useful on metallurgical sector. Printed circuit board can be favored by joint venture and waste commercialization. Finished equipment can be recycled but the main drawback is the legal structure. The use of software for improvement on sustainability is feasible and can be implemented in small and medium enterprise using only databse and electronic frameworks. This approach is low cost and assures the implementation of Industrial Ecology concept on the enterprise.

Keywords: Industrial ecology, electronic sector, software ERP, industrial ecosystem

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Contribution of Packaging to Cleaner Production Goals

G. Radonjič (University of Maribor - Slovenia)

Abstract: Packaging industry is faced with challenges of using different strategies to prevent emissions at the source and to initiate continuous preventive improvements of its production processes. However, numerous other industries and services use packaging products which gives packaging products a specific feature. Thus, firms should be aware of modern trends of packaging products. Dematerialization of packaging is a continuous trend which has important role in source reduction but at the same time has detrimental effects on recyclability. However, the latter is still often believed to be one of the most important environmental criteria for packaging in different cleaner production programmes. Considering such dilemmas, two major questions arise with regards to packaging role within the concept of environmental protection and cleaner production. First, how to quantitatively evaluate its environmental impacts and, secondly, to what extent packaging contributes to the reduction of overall (life-cycle) pollution prevention. Namely, protective role of packaging is too often neglected in discussions on packaging and environmental pollution problems. In a paper different aspects of packaging in line with the environment are discussed which confirm that packaging must be viewed in a wider context as usual because not only technological but also demographic and social changes significantly influence its environmental image. This effects not only the production optimization but also the environmental profile of the whole product supply chain.

Keywords: Packaging, environmental impacts, dematerialization, supply chains

[Abstract] [Paper]

Contributions of Environmental Accounting in Emergy for  Understanding of Soybean Production System on the Perspective of Sustainable Agriculture

L. P. Vendrametto; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: Brazil is considered the world’s granary because of its territorial extension and the possibility of transforming into agricultural land. In this context, the most outstanding commodity produced by the country is the soybean crop. About 21 million hectares of soybean are planted and approximately 61 tons are produced (harvest 2008-2009). The introduction of this Asiatic species in Brazil was recent, about 120 years ago, and so was its genetic and transgenic improvement. Due to these processes and advanced technology, improved knowhow of nutritional demands and greater access to information by the farmers, Brazil has stood out in the international scenario as a region with excellent production and productivity indices. Currently, other important issues have appeared that need to be managed such as the principles and methods that guide this type of production, the economic, social and environmental sustainability as well as the costs and environmental impact involved in obtaining these indices. The objective of this article is to discuss some examples of soybean production using the environmental accounting methodology and applying the Emergetic Ternary Diagram.

Keywords: Sustainable agriculture, sustainable soybean, emergy eccounting, emergy

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

CP Promoting System in China

Yin Jie, Duan Ning, Yu Xiuling, Bai Yanying (National Cleaner Production Center - China)

Abstract: Cleaner Production has been introduced into China since 1993. After the development in nearly two decades, a comparatively completed cleaner production promoting system has been established in China. This paper makes a detailed illustration on the regulatory system, administrative system, technical supporting system and educational system for promoting cleaner production in China. Furthermore, the paper proposes some recommendations for the further development of cleaner production in China.

Keywords: Cleaner production, China, promoting system, recommendations

[Abstract] [Organizational Report] [Presentation]

Crude Coconut Oil for Biodiesel Synthesis

G. S. Araújo; R. H. R. Carvalho; E. M. B. D. Sousa (UFRN)

Abstract: Biodisel production has become an attractive process, aimed at stimulating the production of alternative fuels. This study presents the results of biodiesel produced from coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.), using acid catalysis (with H2SO4), followed by basic catalysis (with NaOH). A 1L jacketed pyrex glass reactor with 3 outlets was used. A mechanical agitator, thermocouple and bath for thermostat regulated refrigeration were introduced. The analysis of oil composition was carried out by gas chromatography and esters compounds were identified.The effect of oil/alcohol molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature on conversion was assessed using experimental 23 planning with a central point, in triplicate, for the route analyzed.. The molar ratio variable had the greatest effect according to statistical planning analysis. The maximum conversion reached was 85.3% for a molar ratio of 1:6, temperature of 60ºC and reaction time of 90 minutes. The Coconut oil was characterized by their physical and chemical properties and key constituents in the oil. The lauric acid was its main component and even showed high acidity. The biodiesel produced was characterized by its main physicochemical properties that had very satisfactory results when compared with the standard values from the National Petroleum Agency.

Keywords: Biodiesel, catalysis, Cocos nucifera, crude oil, coconut

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cryogenics Containers for Cargo Transport

J. L. A. Lima; M. S. Nogueira Neto; J. B. Sacomano; J. P. A. Fusco (UNIP)

Abstract: This study aims to present cryogenics as an element in transportation systems, utilizing carbon dioxide as refrigerant. This technology is not current, although its effective application in transportation gain force after the Protocol of Kyoto, besides that studies found out new ways to sequest CO2 at lower prices. Another feature to be considered is the difficulty and high costs of the technology, used nowadays, to transport frozen and cooled cargo, generically names reefer. This led the logistic community to search for alternatives that minimized costs and maximized profits. The market for frozen and cooled cargo has been increasing dramatically in emerging countries, such Brazil and China, and those countries don’t own effective methods to evacuate and store the production of perishable goods, creating logistics bottlenecks. Comparatively the proposed technology is more ecologically correct, because uses recycle CO2, which would be emitted to the atmosphere, in addition to that it doesn’t use electrical power in its application. Studies corroborated that this technology is economically feasible, for the fact of being cheaper and is a bactericide agent, joining to the legislation related to food security.

Keywords: Transportation, cryogenics, carbonic dioxide

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Decrease Environmental Impact in Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Process

Givaildo Alencar Costa (Tecnel Eletrônica)

Abstract: Due to the huge technological development and globalization phenomenon, Brazilian society was pushed towards new alternatives in order to maintain competitiveness on a global market. One possible alternative is the use of standardization, especially ISO 9000, ISO 14000 and IEC standards. However, Brazilian market is far from the international scenario and that causes several losses on local and global market share. Nonetheless this situation can be reverting by the adoption of Quality as a tool and also providing small changes on the entrepreneurship attitudes. Therefore, that is the most important characteristic of standardization. This report shows preliminary results regarding the benefits acquired with the standardization, for process, project, product, service, etc., if the target is not only economical benefits but also environmental protection. The methodology used was the case study. The process evaluated was Printed circuit board, single-face. The improvements achieved with this case study showed: a)significant environmental impact reduction, with less water and energy consumption; b)process efficiency increase; c)less raw material losses; d)less waste formation. Thus, a standardized process is useful for several stakeholders; it is a way to increase security for stock brokers, clients and society in general. It is clearly a way to increase revenues because it is a way to diminish costs, to improve technological skills ant to decrease environmental impact.

Keywords: Circuit, PCB, environmental, standards and process

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Detailed Evaluation of Cleaner Production in a Red Ceramic Industry in the State of Paraíba

L. R. Porto; E. P. de Almeida (CEPIS-PB); C. Buser (Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz - Switzerland); A. F. F. Queiroga; E. M. M. A. Nóbrega; T. C. B. Pereira (CEPIS-PB)

Abstract: This paper is based in technical, economic and environmental strategies application integrated to process and products from a red ceramic industry with the objective to increase the efficiency in the use of raw materials, water and energy, through reduction, no generation or recycling of wastes and emissions generated, with environmental, economic and occupational health benefits. The Cleaner Production program aims to identify actions of ecoefficiency in the areas, process and machines of companies, a way of to bring economic results, to reduce the consumption of resources and to prevent environmental impacts generated from inputs of process. Based in this, was developed a evaluation methodology by University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland to determination of the potentials through the QuickScan Report and the software EcoInspector. After this was made the quantification of inputs and outputs and the mass and energy flow, identification of opportunities to improvement of performance through research, presentation of the best alternatives of technical, economic and environmental feasibility. The stages of the productive process that had been detached as eventual potentials of Cleaner Production had been: preparation of the raw material, drawing, cuting and burning. It was identified a total of 28 options, had been 01 option rejected, 21 options of immediate implementation, 06 feasible options, 03 options was implemented by company, being: to cover the clay with canvas, to use cut wire of 0,9 mm and levelling of drying área.   One of the options of immediate implementation was to arrange a employee to clean the clay, this option presented a economics in electric energy, and an increase in the production. After the approval of the options by the company, was mounted an action plan in order to certify and to follow the implementation of them.

Keywords: Red ceramic, cleaner production, energetic efficiency, ecoeficiency

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Determination of Relevant Environmental Impacts and Benefits Caused by Balbina Hydropower at Amazon

D. Wittmann; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: While Brazil exploits less than 30% of its hydrological potential to generate electricity, the hydroelectric generation system operates near the limit of capacity. In parallel, more than 10 projects, totaling approximately 2,500 MW (megawats), are hampered, some of them about from 20 years, without generating electricity, due to environmental issues. There is uncertainty in terms of new investments, and controversy about the losses and environmental benefits, this the central point. This study engages in determining relevant environmental impacts and benefits beyond the generation itself, using the methodology of accounting emergy (Odum, 1996), which based on the ecology, thermodynamics and systems analysis, is able to assemble in a common unit (joules of solar energy), values both physical, as social and economic. For both is studied the hydropower Balbina, in the Amazon, selected, first by being considered the worst Brazilian example in terms of environmental performance, second because the northern region of Brazil is that most shows potential to be exploited. This paper presents that Balbina shows favorable environmental sustainability. There are apparent signs, but left doubts about the beneficial role socio-economic. The most representative environmental damage is represented by the emission of gases causing the greenhouse effect, CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CH4 (methane), mainly due to the extensive and shallow flooded area, and their inappropriate preparation for flooding, in combination with the natural and complex climatic condition of the Amazon.

Keywords: Production of hydroelectric power, emergy, environmental sustainability, Balbina hydropower, Amazon

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Determining CO2 emissions and storages in a commercial bamboo plantation

L. Ghelmandi Netto; B. F. Giannetti; C. M. V. B. Almeida; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: This work aims to quantify emissions and storages of CO2 in a commercial bamboo plantation using a CO2 eq. mass balance. The species of bamboo examined in this work is Bambusa vulgaris, the main bamboo species cultivated in northeastern Brazil. Labor inputs were not taken into account as they do not emit CO2. In both scenerys considered in this study to perform the CO2 balance, and the CO2 captured in the bamboo plantation exceeded that emited.

Keywords: CO2, commercial bamboo plantation, CO2 emissions and storages

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Development of a Environmental Methodology for Solid Wastes Management in Higher Education Institutions

C. R. Vaz; A. B. Fagundes; P. C. Machado; I. L. Oliveira; J. L. Kovaleski (UTFPR)

Abstract: This work aimed to present a critical analysis about the development of a methodology for solid wastes management in Higher Education Institutions (HEI). Researches were undertaken on technical rules and on the specialized literature on Environment over the last ten years. In a comparative study between methodologies ISO 14001 and Cleaner Production (CP), it was verified convergent and complementary points to its implantation in a HEI. It was done a case study at UTFPR-PG, where factors like environmental aspects and impacts, initial environmental diagnostic, purposes and targets and the way the campus fits with CP were surveyed and analyzed. It was possible to conclude that the application of ISO 14001 altogether with CP can effectively contribute for an improvement in the competitivity of HEI´s and magnify the vision about the environmental tools application in this sector.

Keywords: Higher education institution, cleaner production, ISO 14001

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Development of Pro Active Sustainable Positions in Activities of Ambient Management in Busca of the Profitability. Application and Development of the Concept of Cleaner Production in Company of Casting in the Rio Grande Do Sul

M. C. Nehme; C. Quissini; J. Slovinscki (UCS)

Abstract: This article searches to identify sustainable model, developed through a system of ambient management pro-asset, implanted in organization, with polluting potential, that it looks to remain itself competitive, in emergent markets and extremely disputed. To ahead recognize the new positions of these questions and as the organization will be able to extend its participation in the market, as much as for the visibility before the most varied customers, as well as in its adaptations to the costs demanded in this dispute. To detach the importance of the incorporation of the productive chain in the analysis of ambient costs that will be able to as well as increase the value generated for the shareholder being based on not the generation of wastefulnesses and residues in the productive process in the returns come of the one powders-sell and powders-consume. This article tells to the results gotten with the application of active systems of ambient management pro in company of the branch of casting in the state of the Rio Grande do Sul, where by means of the use of sustainable tools the concepts of PmaisL had been applied.

Keywords: Sustainable development, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Diagnosis of the Cleaner Production in Amazonas State

B. G. Pereira (INPA); I. R. Neto (UCB); K. Yuyama (INPA); H. G. Pereira (Kali-Umwelttechnik GmbH Sondershausen - Germany) ; C. L. P. de Matos (SEBRAE-AM)

Abstract: This study, shows a diagnosis of the application of the Cleaner Production (CP) in Amazonas State. From the analysis of reports from the Nucleus of Clean Production (NPL) and open interviews with managers and consultants of the NPL, was verified that the program generates economic, environment advantages, of health and occupational security. The results demonstrate that, in Amazonas, the culture of Clean Production is spread out by SEBRAE/AM for the NPL, since 2003. Up to 2006, 25 companies had implemented the CP program, and these majority is classified as micron and small companies. Twenty and four of these companies are located in Manaus and take care of the local market. Almost all of these companies are finds in the commerce segment, the representation type and also in the segment of the transformation industry. 75% of the companies who had applied the PmaisL are part of the Productive Group of Oil and Gas in Amazonas. About the implemented techniques of PmaisL, 72% represent the adoption of good practical, including operational and management action, with improvements in the administrative system, storage, election and preservation of the solid residues and elimination of obsolete materials that can be recyclable. These practical had reduced residues and normally have being implemented with low cost and Sebrae-AM subsidy at Technological Consulting Program. In this case, was considered ambient regulation (fines, penalties, etc.), searching the conformity of these companies, to prevent serious cuts in the profitability caused by harmful actions to the environment. The work conditions improvements, like small reforms, implantation of security systems and selective collection and equipment purchase are some examples of these applied technological measures (22%). Another example observed was the care with health and occupational security. Was observed that one of the biggest challenges of the involved companies is the continuous improvement of the processes from the program of PmaisL, since is a program that does not certifies yet. The PmaisL concepts and potentials are obscure for the most part of the society and government; in this case it is being necessary to build a new politics for spreading and use of Cleaner Production (CP), as well as application in micron and small companies. This will generate for the companies one better strategical vision front environment questions and consumer requirements.

Keywords: Environment management, residues reduction, good practical, companies, Amazonas

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Diagnosis of the Forest Fragmentation on Watershed Córrego Poço Grande, Ouro Verde do Oeste City, Paraná

D. Mondardo; A. Uhlein; D. D. Castagnara; F. G. Klein; A. Feiden; C. C. Meinerz (UNIOESTE)

Abstract: The forest fragmentation resulting from the antropic action threatens the biodiversity of ecosystems, be for the extinction or record reduction in the present genetic diversity in the fragments. The great devastation in search of new arable areas and of more space for growth of the cities has result in a mosaic of forest fragments an every chance minor and more isolated, still hindering more the conservation of the genetic and biological diversity of the natural ecosystems. The environmental adaptation of the rural properties proposed by the Project Management by Basins, integral of the Program Cultivating Good Water, idealized by Itaipu Binacional together with several partners, it seeks, besides other, the reduction in the impacts caused by the forest fragmentation, through the restoration of the areas of permanent preservation and of missing reservation legal. The present work evaluated the existent forest fragmentation in the Córrego Poço Grande watershed, municipal district of Ouro Verde do Oeste, Paraná. The microbacia was object of work of the Project Management for Basins, where the rising was accomplished to field of the cadastral data, the use of the soil, environmental liabilities and georeferencing of the rural properties. The data were processed for elaboration of the cartographic maps of the properties, map of environmental diagnosis and project of environmental control, and the mosaic of use of the current soil and proposed after environmental adaptation of the watershed. Through the formed mosaics the number and the size of the existent forest fragments were quantified in the watershed, the same ones were characterized as of area of permanent preservation or of legal reservation, and classified in agreement with the busy area. 65 forest fragments were observed in the watershed, and legal reservation's areas came more fragmented, totaling 60 fragments. Most of the fragments was considered small and very small, could be the bottle mouth for the preservation and survival of the fauna and flora native of the area. The presence can be observed of only three fragments considered exceptional, whose areas would supply conditions for the development of a lot of species, tends conditions of maintaining the natural biodiversity of the area.

Keywords: Area of constant preservation, forest fragmentation, legal reserve

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Disrupting the Business of Producing Automobiles: Technologies for Cleaner Production

C. Zapata (ESRC BRASS Centre - Cardiff University & University of California - UK); P. Nieuwenhuis (ESRC BRASS Centre - Cardiff University - UK)

Abstract: The concept of innovation has been used in a wide range of contexts and the theoretical development has proven to be extremely valuable to provide important insights into intra-market competition and strategy. The automotive industry offers a fertile terrain for the progress of the uncompleted theory building process of innovation, especially with the introduction of alternative fuels and alternative powertrain technologies.  The application of these concepts is fundamental for the sustainability of the entire industry. This paper will look at the concept of innovation in the context of the modern automotive industry focusing on the notion of regulatory innovation of alternative fuels and alternative powertrain. For the purpose of analysing this issue, special attention will be given to the concepts of radical and incremental innovation, which will be applied to existing alternative fuels and alternative powertrain technologies, including hybrids, biofuels and hydrogen power.  The article will explore these three categories looking at representative case studies: the Brazilian ethanol experience with biofuels, the development of the Toyota hybrid vehicle and the technological development of hydrogen fuel cells. 

Keywords: Automotive industry, alternative technologies, innovation, biofuels, hybrids, hydrogen fuel cells

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Dissemination of Cleaner Production Tool In the Brazilian Public Universities

Flávia pinheiro Faria; E. B. A. V. Pacheco (UFRJ)

Abstract: The chemical industry can be considered one of the most responsible for dispersion of toxic substances in the environment, due to nature and to the amount of residues generated along its productive processes.  It is not enough to attenuate and control the pollutants of this industry, but prevent or minimize their generating source.  Cleaner Production (CP) is a good tool for environment management, mainly in small and medium-sized companies which are the majority in Brazil, and it is considered an option for economical and environmental benefits, which can be tangibles and intangibles.  Case studies in the industrial sector are being carried out by universities or governmental institutions, observing that independently of the branch of performance of the companies, the chemical processes are the ones that receive greater attention.  A bibliographical research was done to verify the dissemination of the concept of CP in Brazilian universities through academic works. These studies showed that entrepreneurs’ awareness have been improved in relation to the environmental preservation.  The digital libraries of the public universities were accessed, concluding that Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Bahia states concentrated 63% of the documents found up to 2006.  The majority case studies were developed in chemical companies and they were from master dissertations.

Keywords: Cleaner production, chemical industry, Brazilian universities, case studies

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Eco Industrial Park Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Paracambi EIP

L. B. E. Veiga; A. Magrini (UFRJ)

Abstract: This paper presents the Eco Industrial Park (EIP) concept, an environmental management tool that is being spread in many nations around the world as an industrial model that can reconcile the three “Es” of sustainability – environment, social equity and economic efficiency - as it reorganizes industrial practices and activities in order to meet sustainable development goals. Although being an emerging concept, there are many EIP projects being implemented, and many of them already operating in North America, Europe, Asia, Central and South America, including in Rio de Janeiro State (RJS), Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro State (RJS) industrialization has brought wealth and development; however it has also brought many externalities. One of these externalities is the high level of industrial concentration, resulting in increasingly urban concentration, the damage and destruction of many environmental areas and in a high level of soil, air and water pollution. This unsustainable economic growth has increased resource consumption and environmental degradation.  RJS government, looking for possible solutions to the disorderly industrial settlement and for possible ways to minimize waste management problems, inspired by international experiences, began to consider EIPs as a possible strategic planning alternative to achieve sustainable development.  The EIP Program (Programa Rio-Ecopolo) was launched in RJS through the State Decree 31.339/2002, as a mean to foster sustainable development and to ameliorate the environmental, economic and social distress caused by unplanned urban and industrial development.  The objective of this paper is to present the development of EIPs in RJS focusing on Paracambi EIP, located in Paracambi municipality, the only pilot project to be developed in a greenfield site.  This paper also presents a methodology developed for planning Paracambi EIP. This methodology was developed based on studies and projects developed worldwide.  The United States Environmental Protection Agency US-EPA software Facility Synergy Tool (FaST) was a major tool used in order to plan this EIP. Today, five years after the EIP Program was launched, unlike what was expected, collaboration among the actors involved (government, public agencies, private institutions, industries, communities and university) has not evolved the way it should have.  Changes in political administration interrupted public sector participation. From what has been accomplished to date, EIPs are at an early stage of development. We argue that RJS has the potential to create a sustainable industrial system in the near future. However, the continuity of EIPs will only be successful if we have a convergence of the actors’ interests.

Keywords: Eco Industrial Parks, sustainable development, industrial ecology, Paracambi Municipality

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Ecodesign and Cleaner Production: Production Inovation at the Furniture Sector

M. G. Farias (UDESC); A. da Silva (Moveis Neumann-SC) ; R. Langer (UDESC)

Abstract: This article has as objective to demonstrate the importance and the results of the process of integration of the University of the State of Santa Catarina with the business sectors - in special, by means of the companies nets called “Local Productive Arrangements” at Furniture Sector, in the advances of the use of the concept of the Innovation, Ecodesign and Cleaner Production for the endorsement of the Sustainable Regional Development.

Keywords: Cleaner production, innovation, ecodesign, local productive arrangement, furniture sector

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Ecodesign in productive chain of sugar cane: cooperative mobilizations

I. K. Makiya (UNIP)

Abstract: The productive chain of sugar-cane presents a strong potential of ecologycally maintainable solutions, in manner to incorporate conquests for a larger number of companies and groups producing of sugar-cane, sugar and alcohol of Brazil. Thus, researches in cane varieties; the Genoma project to identify 50 thousand genes of the cane; the production of biodegradable plastic; creation of the sugar type VVHP (White pollen) that requests less effort in industrial and technology process for using residues of the cane agro-industry in co-generation of electric energy, they are some of the countless conquests obtained by research centers that contributed decisively to the national alcohol cane-sugar segment reaches the world leadership. In that way, public politics, organizations of the first and second sector have been looking for alternatives in a cooperative way for emerging solutions to this segment, based sustentability on the long term, due to future positive perspectives, including programs of alternative sources of energy, as etanol, biodiesel and biomassa; alternative sources of biodegradable packings, and in the ecoefficient re-design of the productive chain as a whole. 

Keywords: Ecodesign, sugar-cane, alternative energy

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Ecodesign Methods focused on Remanufacturing

D. C. A. Pigosso; E. T. Zanette; A. Guelere Filho; A. R. Ometto (USP)

Abstract: The consumption and production of products throughout its lifecycle is at the origin of the most pollution and resources depletion that our society causes. The environmental impact at the products’ end-of-life can be considerably reduced by the application of remanufacture. Encouraged by environmental legislation, such as the WEEE in Europe, and motivated by aftermarket reasons, the importance of remanufacture industry has increased recently worldwide. Remanufacturing is defined as the transformation of an end-of-life product into a product with an ‘as good as new’ condition. The remanufacturing process includes several stages, among them product disassembly, cleaning and identification of parts, parts recovery, testing and product re-assembly. To successfully implement remanufacturable products, they should had been designed for this purpose previously. Thus, the initial phases of the product development process must consider the aspects of remanufacturing such as disassembly opportunities, facilities and reverse logistics. The consideration of theses aspects can be made by means of Ecodesign, which is a proactive posture of environmental management that, by integrating environmental concern to the product development process, aims to reduce the total environmental impact of products throughout its entire lifecycle, without compromising other important aspects as quality, costs, ergonomics, aesthetics, etc. There are several Ecodesign’ methods that focus on the remanufacturing process and can be successfully applied in order to obtain more sustainable products, minimizing its adverse environmental impacts. The aim of this paper is to present some Ecodesign methods which focus on end-of-life strategies, including, among others, remanufacturing. It is important that all end-of-life strategies are related once not all products’ components can be remanufactured. Hence other end-of-life strategies, such as recycling and reuse, should be made possible and viable.

Keywords: Ecodesign, remanufacture, methods

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Ecological Construction a Model for the Sustainable Development

R. C. Kanning; E. C. C. de Aguiar (UTFPR)

Abstract: The materials that constitute the urban garbage, the home deficit, the raised consumption of natural resources and generation of residues for the civil construction are subjects of great importance and concern for all the nations. The project Unit Knowledge is presented as a proposal to minimize these problems, therefore the EPS (styropor), the plastic bottles PET, tire and bombonas beyond reducing the use of natural resources as the sand and the crushed rock, propitiates not the use of the nesting mortar, supplies to raw materials the production of blocks and mortar, reducing the volume of the garbage to be made use; it has low cost of production and under orientation technique they allow to the living futures the execution of the units in reduced time.

Keywords: Unit knowledge, ISOPET, EPS, bottles PET, tire

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Emergy–based Environmental Accounting of the Engineering Course at a Paulista University Campus

A. P. Z. Santos; A. D. Frugoli; C. M. V. B. Almeida, P. A. Frugoli, C. A. F. Lima(UNIP)

Abstract: This study applies emergy accounting to assess an Engineering course offered in an educational building at Paulista University- UNIP. The building used by the Engineering course at Campus Indianópolis is occupied by teachers, students and staff. Energy and material flows used for construction and use of the building are evaluated. Information provided to students is also accounted. The total emergy of the building (construction and use) is 1.25 x 10e18 sej / year, where the concrete presents the most significant contribution due to to the large number of classrooms and laboratories used by the Engineering course. The second major contribution is due to the large investment in equipments, suggesting a concern of the University with an appropriate engineer training. The total emergy of the Engineering course (including information) is 5.20 x 10e19 sej (for a course with duration of five years). This value is much higher than that corresponding to the building construction, due to the high emergy of information. The emergy of the building contributes with 12.1% in the engineers training and the emergy from information received by students accounts for 87.9%. The transformity of the graduated engineer is 7.4 times higher than that of students entering the University. This increase is mainly associated to the knowledge acquired during the five years course.

Keywords: Environmental accounting, emergy, university, ungineering, information

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Energetic & Environmental Framework of Biofuels Plants

F. D. Soler (Siqueira Castro Advogados)

Abstract: This article addresses the variables of energy and environmental of Biofuels Plants, especially when licensed in the State of São Paulo, with focus on the National Planning of the Electricity Sector, the National Plan of Proálcool and Agroenergy, the Bioenergy in São Paulo State Environmental and Licensing Biofuels Plants. Under the National Energy Policy are considered the studies that prioritize the long-term vision of the sector of energy and are developed by the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) and National Energy Plan 2030 (PNE-2030) and the Ten Year Plan for Expansion Electric Energy (PDEE). It is then reviewed the Proálcool, program for the production of ethanol from sugar cane that the federal government sought to encourage in the 70s, the production of alcohol in place of pure gasoline, reducing imports of oil. Recently established the National Plan of Agroenergy, which presents some challenges for ethanol such as the development of technologies sparing of inputs and the elimination or mitigation of environmental impacts. The State of São Paulo, in turn, has said and also established a goal to create a Bioenergy Plan Paulista, considering not only the issues related to national and international markets for ethanol, but also the environmental aspects as management, legal reserve, emissions weather and fire, mechanized harvesting, water consumption and carbon emissions. Finally, this article discusses the administrative procedure of environmental licensing of Biofuels Plants, giving emphasis to studies and reports on environmental impact (EIA / RIMA) of such business, and stating the main environmental variables related to licensing, such as:
Public Hearing ; Strategic Ethanol Project Green and Agro-Environmental Protocol; Zoning AE, Agricultural Policy, Master Plan, Soil Use and Occupancy; Impact Assessment Neighborhood, Fauna, Flora; Permanent Preservation Area (APP); Legal Reserve (Reserve Legal); harvest of the Cana - -Sugar; Conservation Units; Compensation Environmental, Water, Waste and Wastewater; Fertirrigação System - Vinhaça, noise emission, Atmospheric Emissions, Environmental Education and Heritage Paleológos, Archaeological and Historical Monuments of Cultural Value.

Keywords: Energy, environmental, licensing, biofuels plants

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Energy Efficiency Management

J. M. A. Godoi; S. Oliveira Junior (USP)

Abstract: Starting from the evidence that, in their forms of natural resources extraction,
transformation, transportation, storage and energy use, the energy systems interfere in
socio-environmental sustainability components, this work establishes the direct and irrevocable correspondence between kilowatt-hour (kWh) or tons of oil equivalent (toe)
produced units, which their equivalent pollution emissions, like tons of carbon dioxide (tCO2), nitrogen oxides (tNOx), etc, or human contingents that have to leave their habitat to hydroelectrical plants, etc. In front of this absolute certainty and the high industry energy demand, it’s revealed the crucial necessity of the industrial systems for sistematic energy efficiency programs. This article also demonstrates that, in its activities of planning, production and treatment of final products and waste (of increasing entropy) and in its high level activities, as research and development of new tecnologies, processes, materials and products whose result in best efficiency of resources, the Cleaner Production has connection with the energy and with the energy efficiency.

Keywords: Cleaner production, energy efficiency, energy efficiency management

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental accounting in emergy for a house construction

J. G. A. Carvalho; S. H. Bonilla; C. M. V. B. Almeida (UNIP)

Abstract: The present study uses the environmental accounting in emergy to analyze a house construction. The energy and materials inflows are evaluated for each stage of the construction. The final emergy flow for the building manufacturing process is 2,07E+17 sej (solar energy joules). The results highlight the environmental cost relative to the different constitutive parts of the building as groundwork, building frame, walls and covering. Materials that are the major emergy contributors are cement, sand and stone.

Keywords: Emergy, environmental accounting, building manufacturing

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental accounting: the change of zinc plating for organometallic coatings to enhance performance and to minimize emissions

J. F. Faro; B. F. Giannetti; C. M. V. B. Almeida; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: This work evaluates the use of resources by two different surface finishing processess for metallic pieces, using environmental accounting. Organometallic finishing is gradually substituting the traditional electrolytic zinc finishing, as it improves corrosion resistance and diminishes efluent emission. Moreover, organometallic coatings donot use chromium in their composition. Results show that organometallic coatings are environmentally friendlier than zinc coatings.

Keywords: Coating, zinc, organometallic, chromium, environmentally friendlier

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Assessments of Transportation Biofuels in Europe: A Survey

C. P. Pappis; E. C. Petrou (University of Piraeus - Greece)

Abstract: A substantial transportation biofuels sector is present in the EU-27 countries raising controversy about their environmental impacts. A survey of the literature regarding assessments of these impacts is presented, following a brief outline of the EU-27 biofuels production. The main assessments’ results, based on extensive search in sources of scientific evidence and information related to the paper’s topic, are cited and compared, combined with a discussion about these findings. Several conclusions are drawn and comments are made regarding, among others, the “splash and dash” system of European biodiesel, the uncertainty in the parameters related to LCIA of biofuels, the economic basis of their environmental impacts, the insufficient treatment of the land use impact category, etc.

Keywords: Biodiesel, bioethanol, environmental impacts, LCIA

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Environmental Benefits of Water Recovery in a Tilapia Production System, by Using Emergy Environmental Accounting

J. L. Pierobom; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: The emergy environmental accounting developed by Odum was applied to evaluate the water recovery system used to treat water released from a tilapia production system known as acquaponic. For this purpose, the whole acquaponic system (including the water recovery process by a coupled rhizospheric-hydroponic system) was compared with the same tilapia production system but in the absence of the water recovering system. The present work aims to quantify the emergy environmental benefits when water is treated and recover through the coupled rhizospheric-hydroponic system. Benefits related to renewable inputs (R) were negligible but purchased inputs (F) show an emergy decrease of 29% when water is recovered inside the acquaponic system. Also tilapia transformity shows an improvement of 24 % with water recover. Emergy flow difference resulted from water recovering is 5,86x10e15 sej, representing an improvement of global efficiency of 25%. The emergy sustainability índex shows that both systems are within the range of non-sustainability. Even so, water recovering inside the acquaponic systems enables an improvement of 50%.

Keywords: Environmental accounting, emergy, aquaculture, water recovery, tilapias

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental efficiency as generating factor to enhance productivity - Presentation of the results obtained in a ceramic industry from Ceará State

C. H. A. Bezerra (SENAI-CETAE); J. A. Gomes (UFC); K. M. A. Morais (SENAI-CETAE); I. C. Mattos (UFC); R. B. Silveira (SENAI-CETAE)

Abstract: The research was carried through in the Cajazeiras Ceramics, industry of the ceramic sector situated in Cascavel-Ceará. The main products produced and commercialized for the company are structural blocks of prohibition, flagstone and blocks. The main substance used cousin is the clay. Effluent liquids, solid residues and atmospheric emissions during the productive activities are generated. The solid residues are generated from the loss of materials for defect in the finished product. A production of more than 2500 milheiros of blocks damaged per year is esteem. The consumption of water, raw material, energy and of solid residues for product had been defined as indicating ambient with the objective to identify the consumption for produced ceramics block, besides identifying the economic loss generated by wastefulness of blocks damaged in the production. With this analysis some alternatives for minimização of the production of residues, effluent had been suggested and emissions inside of the Program of Cleaner Production, such as, Modification in the product, Modification of technology, I reuse and recycling, Compostagem, Alterations in the process, among others. From the evaluation of the raised data the company was divided by sectors (preparation, drawing and burn) for identification of chances and/or problems, plan of action and strategies, barriers and necessities, beyond the identification of the priority level. Had the inadequate use of boquilha the drawing process of the ceramic blocks presented an index of retrabalho verified in up to 30%. With the equipment exchange for boquilhas new and balanced a decrease in the index of re-work in 12% was verified, generating one better exploitation of the natural resources and energy and consequently better indices of productivity and prescription. Associated the technological improvement of the equipment exchange of boquilha, a survey of impurities was carried through that allowed to the planning of a handling of the extration and preparation of the clay most adequate, allowing the clay entrance in the cleaner productive process of resulted impurities and this form providing better in the production. Through surveys in I lease was evidenced that the use of simple door more generates a consumption of 0,08m³/milheiro of the one than with the use of double doors in the ovens hoffmans. With relation to the ambient improvements it is had: Lesser consumption of firewood for produced part, to the end of one year we will have an area of 36Ha of bushes of bioma caatinga that they had not been deforested, considering that 1ha of bush of bioma caatinga produces 52m³ of native firewood (given of the FIERN), providing a lesser ambient impact of that the previous a implantation of the Program of Cleaner Production.

Keywords: Cleaner production, ambient impact, solid residues, generation of effluent

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Environmental Impact Assessment under the view of the elaborators and their Knowledge Management activities

C. V. Viegas; C. S. C. R. Coelho; P. M. Selig (UFSC)

Abstract: Multidisciplinary action, founded on team’s experiences, but few systematized and highly individualized. These are some of the features of the nowadays Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practices according their elaborators. This paper presents a theoretical scheme developed to analyse Knowledge Management in EIA, and some results of a survey carried out with 33 EIA’s consultants. We investigate acquisition, validation and integration knowledge processes, as well as the elaborators’ perceptions regarding to the EIA’s aims.

Keywords: Environmental impact assessment, knowledge management, sustainability

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Impacts and Biodiesel Production in Pilot Scale

J. Kaercher; R. C. S. Schneider; R. A. Klamt; W. L. T. Silva; W. L. Schmatz (UNISC)

Abstract: The biodiesel production in pilot scale could be accomplished with minimum environmental impact. In this work was evaluate a prototype produces at UNISC for production of sunflower oil biodiesel using Leopold interaction matrix. It was consider the process stages and the actions for minimization of the environmental impact this equipment. It was observe that after the needs environmental actions for improvement of equipment it was reduce the environmental impact during biodiesel production. Therefore, the impact in relation to order (direct or indirect), time (long, average or short term), dynamics (permanent or temporary) and of plasticity (reversible or irreversible) was reduces and, it can be observed as a positive actions control, when adopted, they had affected the ambient factors in its excellent characteristics and allow to greater the sustainability of the process.

Keywords: Biodiesel, environmental impacts, pilot scale

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Impacts Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Soybean in Brazil

O. Cavalett; E. Ortega (UNICAMP)

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the environmental impacts of biodiesel production from soybean in Brazil. For this objective it were used the environmental impact indicators provided by emergy accounting method, the embodied energy analysis and the material flow accounting method. One of the in findings of the study are that energy content in a liter of biodiesel is only 2.3 times greater than the fossil-based energy required to produce it. The transformity of biodiesel (4.59E+05 seJ/J) is higher than those calculated for fossil fuels (coal, 6.70E+04 seJ/J; natural gas, 8.04E+04 seJ/J; oil 9.05E+04 seJ/J; gasoline and diesel, 1.11E+05 seJ/J) and also for other biofuels (Ethanol from sugarcane, 3.15E+05 seJ/J; Biodiesel from sunflower, 2.31E+05 seJ/J) indicating a higher demand for resources. Similarly, the biodiesel emergy yield ratio was only 1.46, while it ranges from 3 to 7 for fossil fuels indicating lower net emergy that is delivered to consumers. When crop production and industrial conversion to fuel are supported by fossil fuels (considered non renewable energy sources) in the form of chemicals, goods, and process energy, the fraction of fuel that is actually renewable is very low (around 25%). In this way, the future of biodiesel production is very likely to be linked to the ability of clustering biofuels production with other agro industrial activities at an appropriate scale and mode of production to take advantage of the potential supply of valuable co-products.

Keywords: Emergy accounting, energy balance, material flow accounting, biodiesel, soybean

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental labelling - a study on NR's

M. F. Preussler; M. Vaz; J. A. R. Moraes; D. A. R. Lopez (UNISC)

Abstract: Currently the valuation in the society in consuming correct and ambiently healthful products is noticed. Some countries, as manifestation of ambient conscience, the products adopt voluntary mechanisms of evironmental labelling with attribution of "green stamps" to products that take care of criteria of control previously established. In this direction, the evironmental labelling is if becoming a powerful instrument of market, suggesting the importance of to analyzing its laws and elaborated studies of this subject, because the Programs of Ambient Labelling had appeared, mainly, like a result of a change in the standards of consumption and production. It is noticed, by the analyses, that the ambient labelling can help to contribute for the formation of the conscientious consumer, in sight of the standards of production and consumption. The ambient labels configure a system to information the origin of the product, the studies of evaluation of the life cycle and if a process that uses clean technologies.

Keywords: Environmental labelling, green stamp, ambiental education

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Environmental Management on the Project of Serra do Mar´s New Immigrants Highway: Study case

D. A. Fungaro (IPEN-CNEN-São Paulo); L. Martins (UniABC); A. F. Margarido (Figueiredo Ferraz Consultoria e Eng. de Projetos)

Abstract: The Environmental Management System considers restrictions on the project, on the product or on the service, by environmental agencies as challenges to innovation and creating solutions that will provide sustainable development. This is the ecological philosophy that can be found in this project of the New Immigrants highway, where specialists through a scientific methodology solved a complex equation, involving the environmental aspect versus the impact, whose solution produces sustainable development. The implementation of Environmental System in the project brought the commitment in favour of two pillars of management: to prevent the environment impact and the continuous improvement of this project. One could say that the project met the goal to satisfy the socio-economic interests of the population of São Paulo, and produced benefits such as: environmental benefit, through the production of a work environmentally clean, with a reduction of the intervention in the forest reserve, technical advantage, to enter the rock mass, reduced the trajectory of the highway with more quality and institutional advantage, by providing a good institutional image among the public and governmental departments.

Keywords: Environmental management, New Immigrants highway, sustainable development, environmental impact

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Management Promotion through Collaborative Activities: the Project Quatro+ Experience

C. Henkels; B. Frank (FURB); A. Grothe-Senf (Fachhochschule für Wirtschaft (FHW) - Berlin - Germany)

Abstract: This paper describes the Project Quatro+, an experiment designed to promote cleaner production in small and medium size companies around the city of Blumenau. The project develops collaborative activities between university and companies, mainly workshops and consultancy. Production Engineering students take part in all steps of the project. The project is developed as part of a cooperation program between German and Brazilian Universities, financed by CAPES and DAAD. At the local level it is supported also by Municipal Environmental Foundation of Blumenau and by Regional Labor Agency. The results shown that the project succeeded in having management and technical improvements in the companies, and also in the organizational learning among the eco-teams. But the experience also had shown that the environmental laws are difficult to be understand and used by small and middle size companies.

Keywords: Clean production, environmental management, learn organization

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Performance Evaluation as a Tool for Environmental Management

D. Fiori; M. Montaño (COC)

Abstract: The present paper brings a discussion about the use of Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)as a tool for environmental management. Due to its characteristics, EPE can be coupled to other management instruments focused at the improvement of the efficiency at using raw materials and energy, like cleaner production. The paper presents a case study applied to a beverage company, sited near Ribeirão Preto, a large-sized district of São Paulo estate (Brazil). The paper concludes that the use of EPE as a support at decision-making process is helpful to organizations, especially if integrated to cleaner production methods.

Keywords: Environmental Performance Evaluation, environmental management, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Performance Evaluation Based on  the Concept of Cleaner Production

A. Coelho; M. A. Macedo; L. N. L. Vidal; E. S. Correia (SENAI -Bahia)

Abstract: The SENAI National Department (ND), under the NCCT - National Center of Clean Technologies of the SENAI Rio Grande do Sul technique coordination, in joint with the São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Bahia Regional Departments, developed a project pilot whose objective was to establish an Environmental Performance Measurement Methodology to identify and validate the environmental and processes indicators in companies who implemented the methodology of Cleaner Production developed by the UNIDO/UNEP and intended to get a Certificate of Environmental Performance. In the first phase of the project a listing of companies registered in cadastre as participant of the Suppliers Qualification Program - SQP was elaborated by the Euvaldo Lodi Institute - ELI, in which the Environment Area of the SENAI Bahia Regional Department, located in the CETIND Unit, promoted the environment workshops. Based on the involvement level of the high administration companies, the physical structure, evaluation of the processes block diagrams and action plans were suggested for the SQP, where the possible companies candidates were selected to be part of this project, that demanded as minimal requirements, to belong at least, of one of the following sectors: metal-mechanic, construction civil, chemical, paper-graph and editorial and clothes-textile, that have implemented action of Cleaner Production and they did not have any legal nor environmental no conformities together the regulatory environmental agency. The selected companies signed the Adhesion Term, having committed themselves to support their development of the activities foreseen in the scope of the project; which included the accomplishment of environmental diagnosis of the company, through the study of the stages of the productive process; environmental, economic and social identification of the aspects and impacts; definition of the environmental and processes indicators to be monitored during six months and in an annual basis per more 3 years, as goal proposal and was committed between the parts; fulfilling the Performance Evaluation Data with the measurements of the indicators during the six first months; justifications and evidences of the attendance; an environmental external audit carried through by SENAI ND. The project had as premise to issue an Environmental Performance Certificate for companies who reached 80% goals and to establish a process of external audit for verification of conformity and proposal of new indicators to be pursued as continuous improvement.

Keywords: Cleaner Production, environmental and processes indicators, metal-mechanic, chemical, clothes-textile

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Environmental Performance of Cement Industry in Vietnam: The Influence of ISO 14001 Certification

N. Q. Ahn; L. Hens (Vrije Universiteit Brussels - Belgium)

Abstract: The cement industry is one of the oldest and most important industries in Vietnam’s developing economy. It is also one of greatest environmental polluters, especially in terms of air pollution. Several causes contribute to the adverse environmental impacts of cement industry, including backward technology (many factories use stand kiln production technology), weak environmental management, and lack of environmental awareness, etc. To reduce environmental impacts of industries and improve environmental performance, the Vietnamese Government encourages introducing ISO 14001-based environmental management systems into businesses. While much has been written on Western experiences, there are hardly documentation and analysis the effectiveness of ISO 14001 in Vietnam. This research examines the influence of the international ISO 14001 norm in the environmental performance of Vietnam’s cement factories. The study focuses on: i) finds out the changes in environmental performance between pre- and post- 14001 certification; ii) compares the environmental performance between certified and uncertified cement factories. The impact of ISO 14001 certification on the industry is studied by using a self-assessment questionnaire survey mailing to 56 factories in the whole country and the response rate is 26% overall (15 factories). In additional to the self-assessment, the annual environmental data, focusing on air emission from 15 responses are used. For the management performance, the preliminary results demonstrate that the environmental awareness and attention among certified factories was clearly better than those in uncertified factories. For the operational performance, the results show that there is no clear different between certified and uncertified group as well before as after adopting the ISO 14001 standard. The emission values are all below the Vietnamese National Standards for Air Quality. These results advocate the need for more research on environmental management systems, to explore the causal links between EMS and environmental performance in Vietnam.

Keywords: Environmental management systems, ISO 14001, environmental performance

[Abstract] [Presentation]

Environmental Public Policy and Performance Improvement Induction: an Initial Review

F. M. Ribeiro (CETESB); I. Kruglianskas (USP)

Abstract: Recently it has been possible to verify great advances in corporate environmental management, in part due to environmental regulation - that imposing cost for legal accomplishment stimulates the search for preventive solutions and cost reduction. Environmental public policy instruments on this sense have grown beyond traditional standards and permits to economic tools, and more recently to innovative mechanisms called as “performance based”. This kind of instrument, characterized by the consideration of the enterprise own environmental performance as a criteria to regulation enforcement has been adopted on several countries, mainly United Sates. The present article, preliminary result of a doctorate research on the theme, brings an analysis of some important studies concerning corporate (and more specifically industrial) environmental public policies, environmental performance measurement and tool, to summarize and evaluate some performance based experiences. At the end it is possible to perceive a high potential to implement this kind of instrument in Brazil, and more specifically on São Paulo State, both to allow differenced sector criteria negotiation and to face new environmental challenges still not covered by actual legislation, as greenhouse gas emissions and endocrine disruptors.

Keywords: Environmental public police, environmental management, environmental performance, regulation, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Regulation to Sustainability: Contributions to Build a Theoretical Reference on the Limits of Traditional Models

F. M. Ribeiro (CETESB), I. Kruglianskas (USP)

Environmental Requirements on the Product Process Development Applied in Furniture Industries

P. A. Azevedo; A. M. Nolasco (ESALQ)

Abstract: This study aimed at identifying the environmental requirements adopted by small industries of furniture to make to order process of product development, the internal and external factors that led to the adoption and those needed for greater sustainability in the production system. In recent years, the complex issues that cross the process of industrial transformation and the interest in the environment have multiplied, increasingly affecting the micro and small enterprises, the most affected by the difficulties of adapting their corporate culture to the new challenges of environmental compliance and sustainable development. To that end, 18 were considered micro and small enterprises in the Furniture Pole of Itatiba - SP on the adoption of environmental requirements in the PDP. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and site visits, analyzing each activity of the PDP and environmental requirements associated with them, identifying the end of testing the feasibility of improvement for the industry. The results indicate that economic factors also dictate the way businesses respond by environmental issues, is the adaption by the laws and regulations or by reducing production costs. Moreover, the absence of trained professionals in the field of sustainable development of products provides the increased difficulties in structuring the sector.

Keywords: Products development process, environmental requires, furniture industry

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental sustainability in small enterprises: interactive implementation of cleaner production. Study in an automotive section company

M. S. Borges; E. Rutkowski (UNICAMP)

Abstract: The Brazilian metals sector and, mainly its automotive section, is mostly composed by small enterprises which are exposed to a competitive global demand: permanently improve their environmental quality standard. However, for such enterprises, there is still a meaningful discrepancy in participation as far as self-regulatory environmental management instruments adoption is concerned when compared, for instance, to large companies. Amongst these instruments, the cleaner production stands out as a vigorous environmental management approach based on an integrated platform with a preventive focus. Under this point of view, this study proposes to develop and to apply an interactive cleaner production implementation methodology. This methodology is built by a cleaner production implementation program, especially conceived and created for the small enterprises profile and by a set of questions and answers structurally connected to the phases and activities of such program allowing its interactive implementation as well as increasing value for the human capital, the knowledge and the language in small enterprises.  

Keywords: Environmental management, prevention, interactive methodology, human capital, cleaner production implementation program   

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Environmental Technology for Tanneries and their Adequacy for Projects of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

E. A. Ananias; S. A. Pacca (USP)

Abstract: This work identifies and describes residue treatment technologies for the tannery industry. The objective was considering each technology face to its potential to fulfill the requirements of a clean development mechanism (CDM) project. The CDM offers a source of revenues that might facilitate the adoption of environmental benign technologies by the industry, and therefore, aligns global and local benefits. Through a literature review we identified technologies that could be associated with CDM approaches and the CDM methods that already have been applied to the industry. Despite their high cost, low thermal conversion and gasification of residues are among the most promising technologies. Our next efforts consists of an emission inventory of the tanneries coupled to technical and economic feasibility studies of the most promising alternatives so that we propose a CDM road map for the sector.

Keywords: Tanneries, alternative waste treatment, clean development mechanism

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Evaluate the Quality of the Nickel Sulfate Obtained from a wastes of Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils

P. D. Finato; L. F. S. Rossi; F. J. Bassetti; P. R. C. Neto (UTFPR)

Abstract: The aim of this work is to evaluate the quality of the nickel sulfate obtained from a recovering process of nickel sulfate from wastes of hydrogenation of vegetable oils. In the sulfate, were quantified Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ni, using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). After that the nickel sulfate was submitted to purification process using active carbon. It was observed that the metals Cu and Cr presented concentrations below the allowed limit to the commercial nickel sulfate, whereas the Zn and Pb concentrations were above that limit. The Pb was removed by complexacion with EDTA followed by adsorption in active carbon, and the Zn didn’t show removal with the employed methodologies. The Ni quantification in the sulfate using AAS showed better results in 352,4 nm. The effluent in the process was analyzed and treated with active carbon, being removal 98,6 % of the Ni concentrations existing in it.

Keywords: Nickel sulfate, waste recovery, active carbon

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Evaluation of Aerobic Biodegradation from Polymers Poli(3-hidroxybutirate) and Synthetic Based on Additives by Action of Activated Sludge

F. S. M. de Souza; M. A. Henning; F. J. Bassetti (UTFPR)

Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the aerobic biodegradation of two different polymers by the action of activated sludge. This aim is reached bringing face to face a biopolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutirate), and a synthetic polymer based on additives. The present work has been conducted in two batches, employing an Activated Sludge System with extra aeration. The evaluation of biodegradation was based on polymers analysis – weight loss and scanning electron microscopy - and on microbial development - production of CO2 and substrate analysis. Based on the results it was possible to conclude that the biopolymer was completely degraded. On the other hand, the results observed with synthetic polymer based on additives do not allow qualifying it as biodegradable in tested conditions.

Keywords: Biodegradable polymers, biodegradability, activated sludge

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Evaluation of the Environmental Management System at Industry of Leather

P. C. Setter; C. Schimuneck; J. A. R. Moraes (UNISC)

Abstract: The present study of case it searched to evaluate a system of ambient management of a company of the leader sector of the city of New Hamburg, where the productive process of this company was analyzed, since the arrival of leathers and chemical products until the adjusted final destination of each residue generated in the process.  This study it was based on method GAIA considered for Leripio (2000), being that the company already adopts an ambient management in its processes, what facilitated to the analysis and interpretations of the questions for the involved staff with the research.

Keywords: Evaluation of impacts, ambient management, leather

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Evaluation of the Pollutant Removal Mechanisms of a Reed Bed System: Biochemical Parameters

A. M. Islam; T. Tudor; M. Bates (University of Northampton - UK)

Abstract: This study was aimed to evaluate the key biochemical mechanisms that occur within a reed bed system or constructed wetland during the treatment of landfill leachate. Soil respirations, dehydrogenase activities and urease activities within a horizontal subsurface flow reed bed were extensively examined to determine these mechanisms. Variations in biochemical parameters because of change in space and leachate applications were investigated. Correlations among the biochemical parameters and between biochemical parameters and pollutant removal efficiency were undertaken. No biochemical activities showed any horizontal variations across the reed bed. For both preloading and during-loading conditions, soil respirations and dehydrogenase activities did not have any vertical variations whereas urease activities at 5cm depth were significantly higher (P<0.001) than those at 50cm and 90cm depth. When during-loading conditions were compared with preloading conditions, soil respirations showed no variation at any depth, whereas significant reductions were observed at 50cm (P=0.034) for dehydrogenase activities and at 50cm (P=0.018) and 90cm (P=0.004) depths for urease activities. A modest correlations (r= 0.474, P=0.023) between soil respirations and dehydrogenase activities was observed. A strong correlation (r=0.777, P<0.001) was found between dehydrogenase activities and urease activities. No correlation existed between the biochemical parameters in the reed bed soil and the pollutant removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD) or total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Aerobic microbial activity showed equal potential for the degradation of pollutants in the wastewater which suggests the importance of creating suitable conditions for aerobic microbes within the root zone in the reed bed. Significant
reduction of total microbial activities at the middle depth suggests that it was influenced
more by heavy metals due to more exposure to leachate. The top layer reed bed soil needs to be properly utilised to maximise the reduction of nitrogenous pollutants from leachate. A biochemical activity can be utilised to predict another biochemical activity but not the removal of COD and TKN.

Keywords: Reed beds, leachate, respiration, dehydrogenase, urease

[Abstract] [Paper]

Evolution of Industrial Environmental Approaches

J. C. F. Lima, E. W. Rutkowski (UNICAMP)

Abstract: The industrial sector has began, in the 21st century, to rethink and redesign its production processes aiming to minimize natural resources depletion, to foster the use of environmental friendly materials, to research the impact related to the products throughout their life cycle, and to recognize the interdependence between environment and industrial systems in order to change from processes based on unidirectional flows of energy and materials into closedloops systems. During this period, a number of instruments were developed to fulfill the industry needs. For that reason, this study analyzes the evolution of environmental approaches in the industrial scenario in order to discuss the instruments used to achieve the environmental sustainability of business.

Keywords: Environmental approaches, corporate environmental sustainability, environmental management tools, industrial ecology

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Experience of Recycled Paper Use in Certification Exams: on the Impacts of Convincing Suppliers to Improve Environmental Management

L. R. Calado (Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität - Germany)

Abstract: Paper-Based test application is a field in which environmental sustainability has a long path to improve before reaching desirable standards, especially at the light of techniques such as the Tree Savings Formula, whereby this Organizational Experience Report show a definite example of such statement. This paper presents a case study in which the organization that runs a countrywide test was able to convince the examination manufacturers, thereby increasing the environmental efficiency of the exam at a national scale. This result provides evidence that in persuading the agent responsible for the actual production of the exam’s paper copies to use recycled paper the leading organization executive responsible for the test achieved its goal of enhanced sustainability, with several known general benefits.

Keywords: Cleaner production, recycled paper, company culture

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Factors Analysis on Promotion of Cleaner Production in Compulsory Enterprises

Dan Zhigang; Duan Ning; Yu Xiuling; Yin Jie; Bai Yanying; Song Dan-na (National Cleaner Production Center - China)

Abstract: Effects of economy, pollution press and external conditions on promotion of cleaner production (CP) in compulsory enterprises were analyzed by regression method. As results, promotion of CP in compulsory enterprises depend on economy and pollution press presently. This drives greater role of the driving forces are internal, external role to be strengthened. At present, the per capita GDP for each additional 10,000 Yuan increases compulsory enterprises audited rate by 5.9 percent, sulfur dioxide emissions per capita for each additional 10kg will lead to compulsory enterprises audited rate increased by 0.8%. In future, the main power for promotion of CP in compulsory enterprises come from improving external conditions such as relevant systems, regulatory policies, incentives and public participation.

Keywords: Compulsory enterprises, cleaner production, promotion, factors analysis

[Abstract] [Paper]

Fencing Blocks Using Recycled Rubble

R. M. Abreu; R. W. Lopes; R. Arzak, A. E. Salvi (UNIP)

Abstract: The study checks the possibility of making fencing blocks from civil construction rubble and residues, RDC, the latter in compliance with the classes established by Resolution 307 of the CONAMA, which are residues of class A, B and C. Two methods of blocks production were prepared: the first one using wooden forms in non commercial sizes and smaller scales; the second method using forms and industrial equipments which are currently in use for the production of commercial concrete blocks. The results showed the viability of making fencing blocks by recycling the rubble.

Keywords: Recycling, rubble, blocks of fence

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Financial analysis of the substitution of the electric shower for the heater under the optics of the final user

C. C. Silva (UNIP); F. R. M. Marques (BSP-Business School - SP)

Abstract: The natural gas has gained eminence as a multiple-use fuel, and one as the possibilities is its use as substitute of the electrical shower bath. This study aims to financially compare the most common domiciliary water heating systems, from the consumer’s view, it means, the instantaneous electrical heating (the electrical shower bath) and the instantaneous gas heating.

Keywords: Electrical shower bath, electrical heating, gas heating

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Firewood Consume Reduction Trough Cleaner Production: A Red Ceramic case

A. F. F. Queiroga; E. M. M. A. Nóbrega; E. P. de Almeida; L. R. Porto; T. C. B. Pereira (CEPIS-PB); C. Buser (Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz - Switzerland)

Abstract: In some companies, the consumption of firewood is the third highest production cost so that the misuse of this energetic resource may cause many economical and/or environmental losses. With this in mind, a tunnel kiln of a red ceramic manufacturer was analysed through energy and mass balance, which is one of the steps of the Cleaner Production Methodology, in order to optimize the use of this resource and reduce the environmental impacts generated by this fuel. From the assessment of the main inputs and outputs of the company – ‘green’ (unfired) bricks, fired bricks, firewood, energy and gas - it was perceived that there are some opportunities of implementation of options so that companies may achieve economical and environmental benefits such as: heat recovering of the chimney; standardization of the heat distribution in the heated zone, and an increase in the air flow from the cooling area to the firing zone.

Keywords: Tunnel kiln, firewood and heat

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]