1st International Workshop Technical Report

2nd International Workshop Technical Report

3rd International Workshop Conference Proceedings

3rd International Workshop Technical Report

Abstract: The current Brazilian Bill for Solid Waste will impact 5564 Brazilian municipalities, which need to be mobilized to adopt policies and actions for waste treatment in accordance with the Act. The project may empower millions of businesses and individuals, because in case of damage involving solid waste responsibility for the implementation of corrective measures, they will be charged from the causer of the damage, jointly with its generator. Product life cycle, environmentally appropriate final destination, and flow of solid waste integrated management are objects of this Project Act. It presents the accounting in emergy as an alternative to consistently assess the impacts of solid waste on the biosphere, because its amplitude goes beyond the frontiers of economic and production systems (extraction, production, use and disposal), breaking into the environment of ecosystems. It also presents some experiences with this methodology as a tool to support integrated management of solid wastes, establishing performance indicators and assessment of environmental impacts. Mankind has walked to the degradation of the natural environment, and needs to decide whether “homo sapiens” will pollute the natural resources with enormous damage to the biosphere, or manage the waste in an integrated manner with the ecosystems in order to keep them sustainable. The accounting in emergy is an important step to assess the ability of Earth to sustain our species.

Keywords: Solid waste, legislation, life cycle, emergy, indicators of sustainability

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Additional Step in PET Recyling to Enhance Properties

S. D. Mancini; J. A. S. Schwartzman; A. R. Nogueira; D. A. Kagohara (UNESP)

Abstract: Poly (ethylene terephthalate) – PET - recycling usually involves grinding, washing, drying and reprocessing. This study presents the results of an extra step in PET recycling: a chemical washing after the conventional one, aiming the production of more valuable recycled polymers. Oil PET bottles flakes were washed only with water and then submitted to reaction with aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide 5M at 90°C for 10 minutes (chemical washing). After rinsing and drying, the flakes were characterized by thermogravimetric and elemental analysis tests. The results indicated a higher purity of the chemical washed material in comparison with PET washed only with water: 99,3% and 96,7%, respectively.

Keywords: Recycling, PET, washing

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Adequacy to environmental law and to economic production: a study of Missal municipality (PR) - 2005-2007

F. L. S. Campos; P. G. S. C. M. Gomes (Faculdade Anglo-Americana-PR); D. Mondardo; K. S. Fernandes; L. B. dos Santos (UTFPR)

Abstract: The occupation of the Brazilian territory was always accomplished without planning, causing great damage to the environment. This study intends to compare the economical losses with the adaptation to the environmental legislation (Brazilian Law 4.771, of 15/09/1965), of the realized economic activities in the municipal district of Missal (PR), in the period of 2005-2007, with the earnings of the environmental improvement and the "sale" of quotas of CO2. After visits to the studied area, the use of GPS and economical calculations and you adapt, it could be concluded that the environmental and economical earnings are larger than the costs associated to the environmental handling.

Keywords: Environmental legislation, economic production, Missal

Adsorption of Reactive Black 5 Dye From Aqueous Solution By Coal Fly Ash

P. Cunico; C. P. Magdalena; T. E. M. Carvalho; D. A. Fungaro (IPEN-CENEN - São Paulo)

Abstract: The fly ash (CC6), a waste generated in a coal-fired electric power generation, was used as adsorbent to remove Reactive Black 5 (RP 5) dye from aqueous solutions. The effect of contact time was investigated on the adsorption process. The amounts adsorbed at equilibrium were measured. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were tested for their applicability. The isotherm adsorption data fit accordingly to the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 0.58 mg/g. The experimental results showed a high percentage removal of 44 to 91% for CC6. The high percentage removal of RB 5 dye onto fly ashes revealed that these materials could potentially be used as adsorbents in the reactive dye removal from textile wastewater.

Keywords: Adsorbent, dye, fly ash, reactive black 5

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Advantages of Cleaner Production Implementation

O. D. Perretti; N. Palmeri; G. Oliveira Neto; R. Kronig; O. Vendrametto (UNIP)

Abstract: The increasing ecological awareness, ambient preservation, social justice and concern with the future generations are directly related to the sustainable development of the companies. This article approaches the concept of Cleaner Production organized for activities of production and the positive effect to the environment. Through examples of improvement of packings, applied in a big multinational company installed in Brazil and in a small national industry, it is demonstrated the search for the improvement in its processes and the phases of the production cycle that can adjust the ambiently acceptable criteria

Keywords: Cleaner production, sustainable development, environment

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Aggregating the Environmental Benefits and Economic Benefits: A case study with application of CP

K. Faccin (UCS); T. Benvenuti (UERGS); D. Maffessoni (UERGS); J. M. Rocha (UNIPAMPA)

Abstract: The new economic context, based on fierce competition in the quest for market leadership, coupled with the rigid posture of customers, focused on the expectation to interact with organizations that are ethical, with good corporate image in the market and act in environmentally responsible, makes that companies seek to increase efficiency in the use of raw materials, water and energy through the non-generation, minimization or recycling of waste and emissions generated, bringing environmental benefits, occupational health and economic. This article describes the implementation of a program for cleaner production (P + L) in a typical metalworking firm, located in the cluster's production serra gaúcha. The methods used were the single case study and action research. We used several sources of data such as: documents, index, written reports and spreadsheets used by the company. This study aimed to contribute to the clarification of this issue, considered in the emerging globalized world. We tried to also provide information that could help with the learning of other organizations that are in this same context, and emphasize the benefits of P + L for businesses. With the implementation of cleaner production methodology of the company significantly reduced the generation of waste and the costs associated with them. It also reduced costs to the consumption of raw materials. With minimum investment return in that small space of time could accumulate economic and environmental benefits.

Keywords: Cleaner Production. productive efficiency. economic benefits, environmental benefits

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Air Pollution Emissions Trade of State of São Paulo

A. F. P. Pedro; S. P. Nogueira; F. D. Soler (Pedro Pinheiro Advogados)

Abstract: The necessity of compatible economic-social development with a minimization increasing effects of the pollution levels, and the degradation of air quality took the Estate of São Paulo to publish Decrees number 48.523/04 and number 50.753/06, “Decrees of Aerial Basin”. Those norms conjugate instruments of command and economic control for environment management of emissions, supporting in strong ness of the market to change the behavior of the industrious. In this way, sprouting the Atmospheric Emission Reduction Units (CEAR’s), like instrument of market which aim to guarantee economic and environment efficiency for the control of the air pollution, stimulating new sources already created to investing in technologies to generate credits and later sell it. After that, was necessary creating the Paulista Market of Atmospheric Emission (MPEA), aim of this study, which is an environment of negotiation of right to use the credits. This market now, is in phase of consolidation and is a simplified system, with aim the transmit credibility and transparency to the transference processes of CEAR’s, everything according to the environment protection and Brazilian Civil Code.  
The Paulista’s Atmospheric Emission Market aims the act of captivating founds more efficiently, as the enterpriser decides about the most convenient strategy, investing in the atmospheric polluter emission reduction in the industrial plant or acquiring rights with sellers who produced and detain CEAR’s.

Keywords: Emission market; aerial basin; economical instruments; atmospheric emission reduction units (CEAR’s)

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Alternative Fuels and Cogeneration for Reducing CO2 Emissions

J. A. P. Balestieri (UNESP)

Abstract: Cogeneration is growing worldwide based on the burning of fossil fuels – especially natural gas. Although its low emission factors, it is important to consider that the availability of natural resources must be taken into account for a long-term investment in the energy generation sector. The identification of alternative renewable fuels and the integration of cogeneration to certain industrial processes that produce some of these alternative fuels are evaluated in this paper.

Keywords: Cogeneration, alternative fuels, CO2 emissions minimization

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Analysis of phenolic compounds, methylxanthins and antioxidant activity of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) residue: a new potential source of antioxidants

M. A. Vieira; M. Maraschin; C. M. Pagliosa; R. Podestá; R. D. de M. C. Ambonie (UFSC)

Abstract: The erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) is a plant found in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, countries with the only producer worldwide occurrence, which holds significant social and economic importance. Due to the beneficial effects of erva-mate, its consumption is not confined only to producing countries. Among these tasks is their antioxidant properties, which can contribute to protection against oxidative processes in the human body, among these tasks is their, such as phenolic compounds and tannins the chemical compounds responsible for this effect and stimulant properties attributed to its contents of methylxanthins, such as caffeine. The aims of this research were to evaluate the phenolic, methylxanthinic and tannin composition of erva-mate residue (mate powder), to compare the quali/quantitative phenolic composition of extracts obtained from distinct solvent systems and the antioxidant potential of those extracts. Among the extracts prepared with different solvents, the 80% methanol extract showed the highest total polyphenol content (11.51 g/100g) followed by methanol acid, ethanol acid, 80% ethanol, distilled water and water acid. To compare the results of the TPC and antioxidant activity of the extracts is possible to observe that the higher phenolic content of the extracts resulted in increased antioxidant capacity in DPPH• e ABTS•+ methods. HPLC analysis showed 4,5 dicaffeoylquinic acid as the highest component of the phenolic fraction of mate powder followed by clorogenic acid. The caffeine, teobromina and tannin contents in mate powder were 1.01, 0.10 and 0.29 g/100g respectively. According to the results, this residue can be used as an ingredient in the formulation of functional foods adding value to the waste generated during processing of the erva-mate. Consumption of mate powder would significantly contribute to the antioxidant and stimulants intake, providing high amounts of phenolic acids, tannin and methylxanthins with potentially beneficial biological effects for human health.

Keywords: Ilex paraguariensis, residues, mate powder, phenolic acid, antioxidant capacity, methylxanthins, tannin

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Analysis of the Influence of Evaporation Temperature and Condensation Pressure, at the Coefficient of Effectiveness of an Absorption Cycle Designed to Produce Ideals Conditions to Store Fishes Using as a Hot Source the Heat from Burned Biomass

P. S. G. Carvalho (UNIP)

Abstract: There are many ways of to obtain low temperatures being absorption cycles one of the possibilities. It operates from hot sources and can generate temperatures near -20°C. This article analyses the influence of evaporation temperature and condensation pressure in the coefficient of  cooperation performance of a absorption cycle that get energy from a process that burns biomass, and the cycle is projected to be able to store fishes in good condition. In the development of this article, the author user the software named Engineering Equation Solver (E.E.S).

Keywords: Refrigeration systems, fish conservation

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Analysis on Cleaner Production policy and its results in China

Duan Ning, Bai Yan-ying, Yu Xiu-ling, Yin Jie, Song Dan-na (China National Cleaner Production Center)

Abstract: Divided into three stages, this paper elaborated the practice courses of Cleaner Production in China in last two decades, analyzing the characteristic of Chinese Cleaner Production policy in the different historical periods. It also analyzed the results of Cleaner Production policy in China according to the investigation and study data of Cleaner Production audit of national key enterprises from 2004 to 2007. The result indicated that the advancement pattern of the voluntary Cleaner Production audit and compulsory Cleaner Production audit effectively promoted the advancement of Cleaner Production in Chinese industry. The consciousness on Cleaner Production of the government, the enterprise and the public have had essential enhancement. The quantity of enterprises which implement Cleaner Production audit has been increasing. The Cleaner Production technical advisory services system was preliminary established. It is obvious to see the energy saving and emission reduction realized by Cleaner Production.

Keywords: Cleaner Production, policy, results, analysis

[Abstract] [Organizational Report] [Presentation]

Application of Cleaner Production tool in Plastic Recycling Process

F. P. Faria; E. B. A. V. Pacheco (UFRJ)

Abstract: This work shows suggestions for the accomplishment of the plastic recycling process in an environmentally friendly way, based in the Cleaner Production tool. Besides reduction of plastic consumption or reuse of packing, it is necessary to invest in recycling technology and the selective garbage separation for guaranteeing the minimization of sending waste to landfills. The recyclers, which receive as raw material the plastic waste, carry out the recycling in stages that might guarantee the minimum quality standards for production of new objects. As a tool of environment management, Cleaner Production can be used by companies to reduction of consumption of energy and water, as well as minimization in generation of waste. The stage of laundering, for example, is the one that involves greater water consumption that needs to be saved, treated and reused. The extrusion of the plastic material for molding in new products generates solid residues that also need to be recycled. Although the recycling process treats of garbage generally dirty and contaminated, it shall be carried out with an environmentally correct process.

Keywords: Recycling, plastic, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Application of electrochemical degradation of wastewater composed of mixtures of phenol - formaldehyde

A. L. T. Fornazari (USP - São Carlos-SP); G. R. P. Malpass (UFABC); D. W. Miwa; A. J. Motheo (USP - São Carlos-SP)

Abstract: Environmental problems caused by industrial processes are of great concern to society due to the possible introduction of toxic waste from products generated by the industry. Thus, researchers increasingly study new techniques to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of industrial effluents, always respecting the laws and regulations aimed at environmental protection. Electrochemical degradation is a promising alternative for the treatment of wastewater that contains organic compounds. In this work a dimensionally stable anode (DSA®) of nominal composition Ti/Ru0,3Ti0,7O2 was used to study the degradation of solutions containing a mixture of phenol and formaldehyde. The oxides electrodes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The galvanostatic degradation of mixtures of phenol – formaldehyde were monitored by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Total Organic Carbon Analysis (TOC). The effect of current density (10, 20, 40 and 50 mA cm-2), pH (3, 5, 7, 9 and 12) and supporting electrolytes (NaCl, NaNO3 and Na2SO4) was investigated. Energy consumption during electrolysis is also presented. The electro degradation of mixtures of phenol – formaldehyde proceeds via two different mechanism: active and non-active. The non active mechanism results in the complete combustion of organics to carbon dioxide. The active mechanism results in a selective oxidation, via degradation products. The results demonstrate that the electrochemical removal of organics is pH- dependent. In the most an effective current density (40 mA cm-2) 60% of TOC is removed.

Keywords: Dimensionally stable anodes, phenol, formaldehyde

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Application of the Concept of Industrial Ecology to the Integrated Management System: Advantages and associated environmental improvements

J. Gameiro; M. L. P. Silva (Siemens)

Abstract: The need for making human systems part of the natural ecosystems and similar to natural environment is clearly stated. This approach, which is the basis of Industrial Ecology, aims to enhance industrial symbiosis that might contribute to mitigate process or material loss. However, it is not very common to amend Industrial Ecology principles to management systems and furthermore, to Integrated Management Systems. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the sustainability impact of integrating the Industrial Ecology approach to the existing Integrated Management System at an electro electronic company in Brazil. The defined methodology followed the most important premises of Industrial Ecology aligned to the Integrated Management Systems requirements in the electro electronic sector. The case study was based on a worldwide company that presented all the segments within the sector, that is, microelectronics, surface mounting technology, printed circuit board, mounting and logistics. Moreover, the study considered material flow and performance analysis in order to define potential industrial metabolism and sustainability degrees, besides implementing an Industrial Ecology computer program that enabled better information communication and control. It was possible to conclude that the Industrial Ecology concept tools used in the company did benefit its industrial sustainability because it allowed more efficient processes through the use of metrics, involved most of the employees and operations, favored better process standardization, enhanced the systemic approach making the decision process easier once it was based on real time facts. It was observed that it also contributed to the adoption of methods, systems and procedures that enabled deep strategic change and improved cultural change, which is one of the essential aspects of sound sustainable development. Finally, it is suggested that Industrial Ecology be used as a fruitful metaphor for facilitating the improvement of sustainability. The tools developed in this study might be easily applied to any enterprise, independently of its size, level or production processes.

Keywords: Sustainability, industrial ecology, industrial metabolism, balanced scorecard, key performance indicators

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Application of the Methodology of Cleaner Production in the pré-Printing and Printing Phase in the Graphical Industry in the State of the Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

F. P. Canesin; M. B. P. dos Santos (UFF)

Abstract: The main purpose of this essay is describe the implementation of Cleaner production method in a Press Enterprise named Gráfica A, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro-Brazil, in order to improve its productive process. The Cleaner Production program was put into practice in a six month period, consisting in phases and steps which were established by UNEP. For this study the production of two printed products was considered: individuals sheets with an annual production of 3,9 million and books, with 232 pages, with an annual production of 12600 units. Environmental diagnosis of the process showed several opportunities in the pre-printing and printing phases of Gráfica A in water and energy consumption, solid waste generation, effluents and emissions. Practice of the method of Cleaner Production revealed that implementing certain changes, there should be a reduction of 37% in effluent generation; 45% in water consumption and 45% in plate solution reagent use. The obstacles found within this study were based on lack of budgetary forecast implementation for these changes; an organizational culture not fully directed toward the efficient use of the resources and the difficulty in implantation of projects that generate expenditure increase.

Keywords: Cleaner production, press enterprise, waste

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Are Sustainability Management Systems (SMS) really promising?

J. Esquer-Peralta; L. Velazquez; N. Munguia (University of Sonora - Mexico)

Abstract: The concepts of Sustainable Development (SD) and Management Systems (MS) are finding increasing acceptance in a variety of fields, including academy, politics, and non-governmental organizations. These concepts are also being used by the general population. This paper describes the perception of different experts by discussing about the usefulness of Sustainability Management Systems (SMS) as holistic systems which might integrate environmental, social, and economic elements. Fourteen interviews have been conducted to several experts around the world. Some of them are professional persons in Sustainability issues in general, and some of them in environmental, health and safety (EHS) issues in particular. The results have shown that, although there is a continuous debate on the sustainability approach, several core elements can be addressed through Sustainability Management Systems (SMS).

Keywords: Sustainability Management System (SMS), performance-based approach, sustainable development

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of a Coffee Farm

Y. Ogura; B. F. Giannetti; C. M. V. B. Almeida; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: The Cerrado, a savannah region, is Brazil’s second largest ecosystem after the Amazon rainforest and is also threatened with imminent destruction. A graphical tool was employed to assess the environmental performance of the production of coffee in a traditional farm in Cerrado region, Brazil. The graphical tool  allies the properties of the equilateral triangle and the emergy concepts. The present study presents the environmental assessment performed in the farm located in Coromandel, Minas Gerais, Brazil.  Results indicate that Brazilian green coffee production is adequated to  environment index evaluated by other academic studies, about agriculture. They also allow to analyze production’s data relative to environment indicators, in which can be observed an optimized production range  with fine environment performance.

Keywords: Coffee production, environmental account, emergy, ternary diagram

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Assessment of the Presence of Ecodesign Principles in a Chemical Company

M. Borchardt; M. A. Sellitto; G. M. Pereira (UNISINOS); M. H. Wendt (Artecola Indústrias Químicas)

Abstract: This paper presents a case study about ecodesign constructs assessment based on a multicriterial decision support method, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The assessment took place in a chemical firm. The methodology was developed considering that the application in other organizations, belonging to other industries, is available. Firstly, a theoretical framework about ecodesign concepts and practices was prepared. Then, a focus group with multidisciplinary team of experts in eco-conception identified seven ecodesign constructs describing the top term ecodesign. The constructs are: materials, product components, product and process characteristics, use of energy, product distribution and stocks, packing and waste. Each construct was deployed in items. Using the AHP, the ecodesign constructs were weighted by the company respondents and it was possible identified the relative importance of each construct.
The constructs with higher degree of importance were product and process characteristics and waste. At the end, a questionnaire was answered by the company team in order to check the performance of each item. Compiling the items performance, we can assess the construct performance. By comparing the assessed performance with the relative importance of each ecodesign constructs, it was possible to measure the gaps between importance and performance.

Keywords: Ecodesign, design for environment, analytic hierarchy process

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Barriers to the Implementation of Cleaner Production as Ecoefficiency Practice in Small and Medium Enterprises in the State of Rio de Janeiro

M. T. B. Rossi (UFF); M. M. L. Barata (IOC/Fiocruz-RJ)

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to identify how small and medium business in the state of Rio de Janeiro, can overcome the implementation barriers of cleaner production and as a consequence become more eco-efficient. In that context, the methodology used was the research and exploration of the available biography in order to identify the main known barriers for the implementation of cleaner production in the world and in Brazil, and its application and similarities to small enterprises located in Rio de Janeiro. As a result, a proposal for a strategic plan was developed including enabling actions for the adoption of cleaner production directed to the specific cases found in the small and medium companies of the Rio de Janeiro State.

Keywords: Cleaner Production, Barriers, Eco-efficiency, Strategy

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Biopaper obtained from microorganisms

L. Xavier Filho (Universidade Tiradentes); P. Basmaji (Inovatecs); C. V. Córdoba (Complutense University - Spain)

Abstract: We propose to produce biopaper from microorganisms’ biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose. The potential capacity of microorganisms to form biocellulose and hemicellulose fibers was analyzed. Biocellulose/biohemicellulose is expected to be a new biodegradable biopolymer.

Keywords: Biopolymer, fermentation, microorganisms, Acetobacter xylinum

[Abstract] [Paper]

Bottle-to Bottle PET recycling

A. F. Formigoni (UNESP); I. P. A. Campos (UNIP)

Abstract: Population growth and the continued incentive to consumption of discardable industrial products has led nowadays to a non-stop growing of the amount and the diversity of the urban waste. The option to just dispose of industrial, commercial and home waste in landfill sites has led to their near saturation. Employment of these residues as raw materials has been adopted as a solution to this problem, but is young as an activity and thus, still not recognized as the best alternative. In the present dissertation a critical analysis of the problems posed by the bottle-to-bottle recycling of PET, for use in the food industry, in the general context of PET recycling is presented. The loss and recovery of the desired material properties, chemical and biological contaminations are discussed herein, as well as the fundamental question what the law about it is nowadays, and why, and how it might be better formulated. At this point in time, the Brazilian market recycles ca. 50% of the total produced PET, and this means that there is still potential for a lot to be done in what regards to PET recycling.

Keywords: Recycling, environmental impact, PET, bottle to bottle

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

BSH and 20 years of Montreal Protocol

I. Ribeiro (BSH Continental)

Abstract: In 1987, in Montreal, the United Nations (UN) established a global action program called the Montreal Protocol, about substances which deplete the ozone layer. Ten years after the Montreal Protocol, the UN signed the Kyoto Protocol, which aims at reducing the emission of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. In alignment to these Protocols and confirming its environmental responsibility, since its opening in 1997, BSH Continental Home Appliances group – Hortolândia, incorporated the Hydrocarbon (HC) Cyclopentane as an isolating and expander agent. Following this continuous improvement philosophy and in tune with the Federal Government and the Ministry of the Environment, BSH Continental once again innovated and implemented, for the first time in the country, another HC in its production, the R600a refrigeration gas also known as Isobutane. The R600a is composed by carbon and hydrogen and it is considered a “natural fluid” similar to LP (Liquefied Petroleum), largely used in Europe, specially in Germany. The hydrocarbons – natural gases produced from petroleum totally harmless to the ozone layer and with a global warming potential value similar to the CO2. The hydrocarbons are refrigeration fluids intrinsically more efficient than the HFCs. It means that, with technological advances, the possibility for future reductions in the energy consumption of the refrigerators is more likely to happen than with the use of HFCs. For a country such as Brazil, with a significant potential for the increase of the number of household appliances per resident, the choice for more economic technological lines in the energy consumption, protection of the ozone layer and with the preservation of the global environment is, without a doubt, the challenge and the objective for the refrigeration industries that aim at manufacturing innovative products with clean technology and that contribute for the sustainability of the planet. Aware of the harmful effects to the Environment caused by the gases used in industrial processes that contribute for the depletion of the ozone layer and the global heating, BSH Continental, anticipating the implementation of more restrictive requirements for the use of these gases, included the isobutane gas (also known as R600a) in its production line or also call of R600a, which combined with the cyclopentane used as an insulator and expander, will form what we can call the 100% Ecological refrigerators.

Keywords: Global warming, ozone layer, isobutane, hydrocarbons

[Abstract] [Organizational Report in Portuguese]

Case Study for Recovering of Landfill Landscape of Toledo-PR

C. C. Meinerz (UNIOESTE); J. C. Klein; S. Dimbarre (UNIPAR); D. Mondardo; P. P. Bellone; L. B. Santos; F. Scherer (UNIOESTE)

Abstract: The work was to propose guidelines for the recovery of landfill landscape of Toledo - PR. The development of a technology coverage aimed specifically end the establishment of a vegetation, initially was based on an established diagnosis of physical and chemical characteristics of soil used in the final layers of coverage. We collected samples of soil in the depth of 0-20 cm, which were established some parameters such as pH, Saturation of bases, cation exchange capacity, macro and micro nutrients. The spontaneous flora of the area studied is composed of species that escaped from cultivation; from the remnants of species in natural surroundings. In this study may notice that there were no significant differences in relation to the relevant witness, therefore, the results allowed the suggestion of studies and definitions of species that can be used revegetated in the cell and closed the surroundings of the landfill in the municipality of Toledo-PR. The determination of the chemical analysis of soil from landfill showed great concentration of organic matter, derived from waste, can avail of nutrients already deposited in the soil, however, requiring small levels of application of fertilizer and lime to promote better development and resistance of the species recommended.

Keywords: Sanitary embankment, degraded area, revegetation, slope

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Challenges in the integrated management of health and the environment: the case of a university campus

Z. A. I. Miranda (SENAC)

Abstract: In this article we can see the experience of the implantation and certification of an Environment Management System in a different atmosphere from the usual undertakers atmosphere. This is the Santo Amaro Campus of the SENAC University Center , settled in an area of approximately 120 thousand square meters, which has 21 undergraduate courses and 7 graduate, in the health and environment areas, fashion and art, hotel management and tourism, exact sciences and design. Almost 4.000 people, among pupils, employees and teachers, 1/4 of this total is renewed during the year, this fact brings an additional difficulty to be certain that there will be a good level of participation and knowledge of these people. The Ecoefficiency Program was created by SENAC/SP in 2002, with the purpose of committing all its 60 units to the environment,  beyond its formal obligations of attending legal rules. 2005 was the beginning of the implantation of the SGA of the Campus, with the direct participation of 14 people, among directors, employees, teachers and pupils. In December of 2006 the campus concluded an exhaustive and well succeeded process of audit, as a way to guarantee its adjustment to the settled rules. The examined case presents peculiarities and changes relative to the usual processes of implementation and certification of environment management systems which are identified and discussed in this article. It is detachable that the adopted model anticipates 3 certification levels, with the purpose and growing, complexity, attending to a NBR ISO 14001:2004, and incorporating components of health and occupational security, creating an integrated management system. It was decided that to begin the certification process at once required the  level II, because of the complexity of its activities and by the necessity to incorporate the participation of the pupils to give credibility to the SGA.

Keywords: Environment management, auditing, certification

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects and Generation of Clean Technologies in Brazil

C. Andrade (UFBA); A. Costa (UFBA); L. Nápravnik-Filho (UNIFACS); A. C. Telésforo (UFBA); A. Ventura (UFBA)

Abstract: One of the Kyoto Protocol’s innovations was stipulating mechanisms that aim at the cooperation among countries to mitigate the climate change. Only the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) makes the participation of developing countries possible. The article’s goal is to evaluate the contribution of Brazilian CDM projects related to the Energy Industries for the generation of clean technologies. From the analysis of the 37 projects that had received carbon credits up to 2007, it is possible to conclude that this contribution remains incipient: only 3% of them could be characterized by the development of clean technologies focused on cleaner production. Thus, considering that clean technology and cleaner production are the most adequate environmental strategies to reach a sustainable development, it is not possible to affirm that these 37 Brazilian CDM projects are effectively contributing for this target. So, the analysis of the Brazilian projects related to the Energy Industries reveal that, at least in Brazil, CDM is far from achieving the fundamental purpose of minimizing the global warming via the stimulation of a cleaner development model relied on the cooperation among countries.

Keywords: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), clean technologies, cleaner production, brazilian energy industries

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production and Environmental Aspects in Sugar-alcohol Industries

R. P. Alvarenga; T. R. Queiroz (UNESP-Tupã)

Abstract: The sugar-alcohol sector can provide an important form of production with an efficient and environmentally correct. The problem of burning the straw of the cane for hand made harvest is already near-end. The law that puts an end to the burns, the current advance in the agro-mechanization and the increasing technological advancement of the cane harvesters are contributing in a systematic way to eliminate the problem of pollution from carbon dioxide. The management model used by the Cleaner Production of sugar mills and alcohol is not always what actually characterizes what happens in many sugar-alcohol industries. Moreover, the production of electric energy made by the sugar cane bagasse, the way of waste bagasse and filter sediments released to the environment weakened the production really clean. These are released to the ground often disregard the ability of the soil behaves.

Keywords: Sugar-alcohol Industries, sediments emission, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production and Ergonomics: a case of waste minimization and improvement of work conditions

E. C. Batiz; S. M. Alves; O. Gallo (SOCIESC); A. J. de Souza (Whirlpool)

Abstract: This paper was made in thermal treatment area, in salt bath oven of an enterprise of North of Santa Catarina. Its goal was to determinate the factors that influence to waste generation of salt used in process. It was observed that mean cause of wastefulness is the position which the workers are obligated to adopt due to pre-determinate procedure, as well, the layout and tools used. The impossibility of workers maintains the workpiece draining of salt inside of oven, that due to weight, tool characteristics and the area conditions, causes an additional worker position problem. With direct observation technique, mo, filming, pictures and spaghetti diagram verified that due to layout the workers walk 430 m daily and this is one of the causes of salt quantity that is waster. This quantity is around 2.1 ton/year. With use of ergonomic and cleaner production principles were eliminated the detected problem of worker position, as well the unnecessary passage of workers and workpieces. It was proven the existence of strong synergy between ergonomic and cleaner production. Also both can be applied to improve the environment and to preserve the health, as well, to guarantee the workers safety.

Keywords: Work conditions, waste minimization, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production Application in a Wood Industry in Amazon State

B. G. Pereira (INPA); I. R. Neto (UCB); K. Yuyama (INPA); H. G. Pereira (Kali-Umwelttechnik GmbH Sondershausen - Germany); C. L. P. de Matos (SEBRAE-AM)

Abstract: This study shows the proposal of implantation of the Clear Production program (PmaisL) in a company Portela Industry and Commerce of Wood, located in Manaus-Am. Currently, the Portela company, wood floor producer for the external market, operate only with 25% of capacity, because their have difficulties for to acquire more legalized raw material. In current situation view, have been suggested practical of PmaisL with low costs, and Sebrae-AM subsidy at Technological Consulting Program, with economic and Environmental benefits. From the application of PmaisL methodos and on the basis of the identified chances, were opted to working with improvement of operational practical in the wood drying sector, for also having a direct relation with the quality control and for being the initial plant process, it is a basic process for the wood improvement. As intervention proposal, was created and used one accompaniment time-table of temperature and humidity that controlling and programmer the best time of drying, to be followed by an employee detached for this function. This measure generated a reduction of four days in the setting time/heater, with reduction of 1,4% in raw material with defect, 50% of water consumption in the heater, 25% of energy consumption, 25% of exploitation of residues in the ovens, diminishing in 25% of pollutant gases emission. Other generated benefits had been: generation of a new job; reduction of risks with burning equipment and accidents caused for the lack control and the time increase of the drier. The good acceptance of the PmaisL by the manager was attributed for any cost for the company, therefore the implemented action was gave for actions changes and insertion of procedures in the tasks application.

Keywords: Environment management, residues reduction in the source, good practical, wood company, Amazon

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production Applied in Sealer Process of Paint Shop from an Automotive Company

L. Wiemes (FAMEC); U. Pawlowsky (UFPR)

Abstract: In an automotive company, much kind of residues are generated diary. They are of the most variety possible and have to be disposed properly too, according to the specifications that the company has to follow. To study a specific process or residue it took much time and trained people to evaluate the best way to avoid his generation. Normally, the person responsible to realize this study is a technical or an engineer and as the companies nowadays have greats dimensions and as the work realized in a department may cause impacts in another it was decided and more convenient to create a work group to develop and solve this problem. The work described in this article was developed in a sealer process of an automotive paint shop and the author’s presents here some of the steps adopted in cleaner production to reduce in the process application: quantity of material applied, numbers of operations and quantity of residues generated. A little discussion is elaborated at the end of the article and some considerations are showed to diffuse the best practices identified in this company.

Keywords: Painting process, protection, residues

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Cleaner Production applied to the Hotel Sector

S. P. López; R. R. Rodríguez; S. L. Funes (Centro de Producción Más Limpia del Bajío - Mexico)

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the Bajio Cleaner Production Center (Bajio CP Center) in its project conducted jointly with the Tourism Development Secretariat (SEDETUR) and the Guanajuato’s Environmental Protection Office (PROPAEG). The project called "Cleaner Production - Clean Company" focused on the hotel sector in the major cities of the state of Guanajuato. The objective of this project was to detect the potential savings in the use of raw materials, water and energy, and also contribute to a productive efficiency and reduction of operating costs of companies in this sector. In addition to the economic and environmental benefits achieved by the Cleaner Production (CP) and Energy Efficiency (EE) Implementation, PROPAEG joined efforts to design guidelines based on terms of reference for conducting environmental audits in the state of Guanajuato, to complement the Cleaner Production Diagnosis and Implementations. Therefore, under this scheme all the hotels that make a Cleaner Production project can get the "Clean Company" Certificate issued by PROPAEG, so in a single project the hotel can get environmental regulatory compliance, financial savings, improves public image, increases competitiveness, minimizes negative environmental impacts and the efficient use of raw materials, water and energy. So far, 34 hotels in the cities of León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Silao and San Miguel de Allende have participated in this project. Some of the results obtained are: awareness and training to over 100 employees from the participating hotels, in terms of productive efficiency, pollution control and pollution prevention. The detection of areas of opportunity in CP and EE in 34 hotels can lead to an estimated savings potential of $3 million of Mexican pesos (around 250,000 USD). The implementation of CP and EE at four different hotels is being translated in a decrease in water consumption of 52,987 m3/year, a decrease in polyethylene bag of 1740 kg/year, a decrease of 1,532 l/year of liquid chemicals and 2,065 kg/year of solid wastes. In regard to energy, there will be a decrease in diesel consumption of 5,790 l/year, a decrease in the consumption of LP gas of 47,374 l/year and a reduction in electricity consumption of 20,308 kWh; all this translated also in a decrease in CO2 emissions to the atmosphere of about 135 ton/year. The economic benefits are savings for $ 1,191,300 pesos/year, with a required investment of about $ 218,592 pesos, which has a simple recovery rate of 2 months. Also, 3 hotels obtained the "Clean Company" certificate with a total compliance with environmental laws of the state of Guanajuato.

Keywords: Cleaner Production, Guanajuato, hotels

[Abstract] [Paper in Spanish] [Presentation]

Cleaner Production Evaluation System (SAPmaisl): Encouraging The Continuous Improvement

R. F. W. Neetzow; J. M. Oliveira (SENAI-RS); A. V. Souza (Apoio Consultoria)

Abstract: This report presents the experience carried out for the development and validation of a methodology based on the concepts of the Cleaner Production (CP) through a checking system on the continuous improvement of the CP actions implemented by the companies, with the aim to monitor and contribute for the reduction of the environmental impact generated by them. The study was developed as the extent of a Project under the technical coordination of Cleaner Technologies National Center – CNTL – at SENAI RS, with the financial support by SENAI – National Department and the Regional Departments of the states Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Bahia. Twenty three (23) companies took part on the study as pilot companies. The standard environmental performance evaluation methodology was developed based on the concepts of the CP. The norm worked out defined the following: the selection criteria of the companies to take part on the pilot project, the requirements of the Cleaner Production Evaluation System (CPES) which where verified by specialists, the certification steps in compliance to the CPES, the goals, the conditions to make pre evaluations, the issue of the CPES Support Certificate, the criteria used in order to reach the goals and the evidences to prove the compliance, the evaluation criteria, how would the company be recommended, how would this recommendation be validated, the expiring date of the certificate and how would the evaluation cycles be. The pilot companies have defined three (3) Environmental Aspects which were monitored during three (3) months, through Operational Performance Indicators. After that, in each state a technical consultancy was made in order to adjust the companies, with the aim to validate the methodology of Environmental Performance Evaluation, based on the concepts of CP. A group of specialists was selected and trained to make environmental performance evaluation at the companies, based on the concepts of CP. The results were presented by the companies showing the environmental benefits and the economic outcomes obtained. Finally, it was made a Verifying Auditory on the compliance of the proposed goals by the trained specialists and the companies who showed the proposed reductions received the CPES Approval Certificate and the CP Seal. This study presents as an example the case study of a pilot company in RS that took part in the study.

Keywords: Indicators, cleaner production, environmental performance evaluation, environmental performance indicator, operational performance indicator

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production in Construction Sector

L. S. Goron (PPGEM); R. M. C. Tubino (UFRGS)

Abstract: Brazilian National Environmental Council created, in july 2002 the 307 resolution, which started to be value in January, 2005. Since then the construction sites had to adequate their site works. Because of it, trying to reduce the environmental impacts and a better efficiency of the construction process, it was created in Porto Alegre, Brazil, a group of 7 contractors partially sponsored by SEBRAE and supported  by National Center of Clean Technologies- CNTL and Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul- UFRGS, with the objective of the application of the Clean Production methodology. This paper reports this experience of the construction sector, with very good economical results to the participants enterprises.

Keywords: Construction solid waste, clean production, environmental impacts

[Abstract] [Organizational Report in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production in Construction Sector: a proposal of minimization of residues in the source

C. Mattosinho (UFPE); P. Pionório (FASETE)

Abstract: The industrial residues make possible to verify an enormous inefficiency in the productive processes, being been that the same ones directly affect the conditions of life of the humanity. The construction sector possesss an enormous parcel of contribution in the deterioration of the ambient quality, since one of its characteristics is the used raw material wastefulness and assistant in the constructive processes of urban enterprises. The present work has as objective to consider a solution to minimize the generation of solid residues in Construction Sector, through the application of the Clean Production methodology. Thus, the main contribution of this work was to demonstrate the possibility of if acting in the cause of the generation of the residues of the sector of civil construction, that is, to breach the paradigm of that wastefulnesses are characteristic of the sector and that the techniques of external recycling are the only exit to reduce the ambient degradation of constructive processes.

Keywords: Construction solid waste, clean production, environmental impacts

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production in Sector for the Manufacture of Leather Artifacts: Overview and Considerations

K. M. C. Mattos; M. R. Monteiro (UFSCar)

Abstract: The environmental concern with the residues of the Sector of Manufacture of Leather Devices is justified by the high generated volume and by the degree of contamination with toxic metals of these residues. The residues of the leather contain high dosage of chromium - substance used in the tanning of bovine skin. It’s not degradable, chromium is a risk of contamination of soil and groundwater in areas where residues are deposited. The substance is a heavy metal that can cause allergies and even cancer, if present in large quantities in the human body. Heavy metals, such as chromium, differ from other toxic agents because they are not synthesized or destroyed by man. Residues containing toxic metals have high power to contamination, than the cost of the high cost for its disposal in industrial landfills. Within this context, the paper presents an overview on the sector, the importance of the methodology of Cleaner Production and the first steps of this tool to evaluate the productive process and try to minimize residues generation, reduce costs, increase competitiveness and gain environmental sector and the population as a whole.

Keywords: Residues, leather, chrome, cleaner production, management system

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production on Bakeries: Perspectives and Oportunities

E. M. M. A. Nóbrega; T. C. B. Pereira (CEPIS-PB); C. Buser (Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz - Switzerland); A. F. F. Queiroga; E. P. de Almeida; L. R. Porto (CEPIS-PB)

Abstract: The relationship between mankind and nature has suffered many mutations a long of the years, leaving different marks in the landscape with different effects. Among these marks, one can emphasise the desertification process which is caused by predatory anthropic actions and the exploitation of natural resources in very fragile environments, generating desert-like areas which affect, as a result, the life quality of thousands of people in the entire world. In the State of Paraíba, firewood is nearly disappearing and is becoming rare for it has been used in an unplanned and random way by many industries. The intense use of firewood in the State of Paraíba justifies and motivates CEPIS – Centro de Produção Industrial Sustentável (Centre of Sustainable Industrial Production) which is an action of SEBRAE-PB and the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs of Switzerland (SECO), and is technically supported by the University of Applied Sciences of Northwestern Switzerland (Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz). CEPIS aims at taking C+P actions in the bakery sector in order to reduce the environmental impacts through the rationale use of energetic resources and through the optimization of the productive process. The main goal of the project is to identify opportunities to improve the productive process of bakeries, applying the Cleaner Production Methodology. To achieve this goal, data is collected (Quickscan), the results are analysed (EcoInspector), there is a discussion and identification of potential opportunities of improvements, and suggestions of Cleaner Production are raised. After analysing the obtained results, it is observed that the identified options may be considered the first step to find feasible Cleaner Production solutions, However, it is important to emphasize that some options such as good housekeeping practices may be identified and implemented straight away to bring economic and environmental benefits to the company in a short time.

Keywords: Bakeries, cleaner production, wood and energetic efficiency

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production Program in the cut sector of a textile industry

F. F. Rubino; J. C. Campos;  L. Yokoyama (UFRJ); D. S. A. Batista (FIRJAN)

Abstract: One of the largest challenges of the organizations is to keep the competitiveness in the global market in a sustainable way and to assist the need to minimize the environmental impacts. Like this, this paper has as objectives the application of the Cleaner Production in the section of cut of a big textile industry, in way to modify old habits of the company. Through the minimization of the generation of residues and better use the raw material, they are obtained environmental and financial benefits. So, the enterprise will be fortified. Cleaner Production in the cut sector of the textile industry reached the economic benefit about R$ 550 thousand; improvements in the system of information; beyond the awareness on the part of the company of the importance of the employees training.

Keywords: Cleaner production, sustainable development

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production: The Case of the Automotive Metal-mechanic Local Productive Arrangement from Serra Gaúcha

E. A. Severo; P. M. Olea; G. S. Milan; E. Dorion (UCS)

Abstract: Industrial production allied to a vertiginous economic improvement, during the last decades, has provoked negative impacts to the planet’s natural resources, what reflects in society’s life quality and environmental health. Currently humanity has faced extremely complex environmental problems, whose solution seems to be in applying a preventive environmental strategy, instead of having corrective actions. Undertaker strategies, up to then summarized to the economic matter, such as competitiveness, efficiency, profitability, etc, start to concern about environmental variables, and it is, then, vital to incorporate them to productive processes. Organizations started to adopt new technological strategies, by means of implanting environmental management systems. Face the environmental matter, these systems are seen as a competitive difference, as well as a factor of organizational improvement, in order to rationalize the consumption of natural resources. The expectation is environmental management strategies, besides decreasing the environmental impacts, may generate more profit, increasing the company’s competitiveness and efficiency. Within this scenery, there are different methodologies in environmental management, as well as practices of Cleaner Production, which consider the opportunity of reducing costs, once a polluting organization is usually an entity that wastes raw material and inputs. The objective of this study was to identify environmental innovations, Cleaner Production methodologies and the results of implementing all of this. Three companies were analyzed in the Automotive Metal-mechanic Local Productive Arrangement from Serra Gaúcha (South of Brazil). It is a multi-case qualitative research. From the results, it is possible to highlight companies implemented technological innovations, once the objective was to improve the productive process. Results from the implementation of Cleaner Production
methodologies show the studied companies had improvements in factors related to the
productive process, such as increasing the operational efficiency, reducing costs with raw
material and energy, and improving the product’s environmental quality. Consequently, all these improvements have generated competitive advantage for the company that is placed in a more and more global scenery.

Keywords: Cleaner production, environmental management, operational efficiency

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cleaner Production: the report of an experience

Presented by: F. C. F. Clementino; F. J. P. Pereira (SEBRAE-RN)

Abstract: The SEBRAE of RN, in partnership with CNTL/SENAI-RS carried out a course to form consultants in cleaner production for small and micro companies. As a participant, I carried out the practical part of the consultance in cleaner production in the company Tecniplas Nordeste Plásticos Reforçados Ltda., situated in Natal/RN. Therefore,  it was used a computer program  involving several determinations, being presented in this narrative some information regarding cleaner production and the reduction of waste as: case study and economics and environmental results

Keywords: Cleaner production, waste reduction, environment

[Abstract] [Organizational Report in Portuguese]

CO2 Flow Accounting in a Commercial Bamboo Plantation Aiming the Paper Production

L. Ghelmandi Netto; B. F. Giannetti (UNIP)

Abstract: Given the significance of climate change for the sustainability of human society, the need for studies that address the storage of CO2 is increasingly important. Thus, this study evaluates the potential for mitigation of global emissions of CO2 in commercial plantations. In this case, the system chosen for study is a commercial plantation of bamboo for the paper production industry, located in northeastern Brazil. Besides the main activity of the plantation, additional scenarios has been adopted, heading a more complete evaluation of CO2 released and stored in the lifetime of the bamboo plantation (25 years). Alternatives for reducing the CO2 released in the use of plantation’s resources were also studied.

Keywords: Commercial plantation, bamboo, CO2 emission, CO2 storage, paper production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Comparative Analysis of Houses Construction Using Emergy Accounting

C. S. Carvalho (Universidad Alberto Hurtado - Chile), Y. Ogura (UNIP), E. Grinover (Grinover Associados), A. R. P. L. Albuquerque (UNIP)

Abstract: We present an application of the methodology of environmental accounting in emergy, comparing the environmental impact generated by a house designed in a timber production system of "exploitation", the second wood of the first use and third, masonry type, from the same architectural project. By using the graphical tool - ternary diagram - , rates the emergy flow and environmental indicators in emergy, in the three models studied. The results showed a favorable trend for the home designed in wood production system of "exploitation", all indicators were higher than the other two cases under study, highlighting the environmental sustainability index of 125 times larger than the house of masonry. This system proved to be less constructive aggressive to the environment, which may allow the adoption of this house as a habitation solution of Vilhena in the state of Roraima, the city adopted as a model for this study.

Keywords: Environmental sustainability, emergy account, environmental indicators, sustainable constructive system, "exploitation" wood

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Comparative Study of the Sustainability and the Human Development Index

F. J. C. Demetrio; B. F. Giannetti; C. M. V. B. de Almeida (UNIP)

Abstract: This paper presents the environmental and economic study of the city of São Luís was used in the accounts came to calculate the ESI. It develops also study about the HDI and related method is by comparison with other cities. It is the result that the city of São Luís has a medium ESI, equal to 2.9. The ESI is much better than the other cities under study have a high HDI, thus generating a discussion between the development model adopted by the cities.

Keywords: Emergy, Human Development Index, urban sustainability, ternary diagram

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Comparative Study with Emphasis on Emergy Environmental Sustainability of food with nutritional similarity

R. L. Guarnetti; B. F. Giannetti (UNIP)

Abstract: Well known and traditional foods such as potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage and beans have important place in the world’s alimentation. Options for not so well known foods in the West, but rather consumed in Asian countries such as bamboo shoots, offer nutritional value comparable to many of these traditional aliments. In this sense, aspects of environmental sustainability of these aliments were evaluated and compared. Among them, bamboo shoots are more sustainable. When the study considers the production efficiency, the potato is the better option. The main nutrients of each aliment according to the emergy per unit invested were also evaluated to find more sustainable options for obtaining a specific nutrient from these aliments.

Keywords: Bamboo shoot, ternary diagram, emergy, sustainability

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Continuous Improvement of Processes on the Electronic Sector: obtaining Environmental Indicators using Software

E. F. de Queiroz (CPMBraxis IT Services-SP); M. L. P. da Silva (USP & FATEC)

Abstract: The need for sustainability on human entrepreneurship leads to changes in management. Some changes can be aided by Industrial Ecology concept and enterprise planning (ERP) software. Therefore, the aim of this work was obtaining appropriate methodology to use enterprise software on the implementation of Industrial Ecology concept. The electronic sector was chosen to be evaluated and case studies analyzed any part of this sector. The software is used on definition of sustainability indicators and on identification of processes improvement due to Industrial Ecosystems formation. Due to the high value of electronic products, several cost reductions, social and environmental improvements were detected. The improvements came from the reuse of non products, inside or outside the entrepreneurship, and some efforts should be done on Industrial Ecosystem formation on this sector. Case studies showed as main parameter the distance between the enterprises and as one of most important environmental parameter the carbon dioxide emission. Nowadays, the sector is an open cycle production with high emission. However, on Microeletronics raw material production, the use of quartz fragments and sugar cane bagasse is an interesting approach that requires changes on production site due to the distance. Microeletronic can reuse water in closed cycle or with galvanic enterprise combination, other reactants and aqueous solutions are useful on metallurgical sector. Printed circuit board can be favored by joint venture and waste commercialization. Finished equipment can be recycled but the main drawback is the legal structure. The use of software for improvement on sustainability is feasible and can be implemented in small and medium enterprise using only databse and electronic frameworks. This approach is low cost and assures the implementation of Industrial Ecology concept on the enterprise.

Keywords: Industrial ecology, electronic sector, software ERP, industrial ecosystem

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Contribution of Packaging to Cleaner Production Goals

G. Radonjič (University of Maribor - Slovenia)

Abstract: Packaging industry is faced with challenges of using different strategies to prevent emissions at the source and to initiate continuous preventive improvements of its production processes. However, numerous other industries and services use packaging products which gives packaging products a specific feature. Thus, firms should be aware of modern trends of packaging products. Dematerialization of packaging is a continuous trend which has important role in source reduction but at the same time has detrimental effects on recyclability. However, the latter is still often believed to be one of the most important environmental criteria for packaging in different cleaner production programmes. Considering such dilemmas, two major questions arise with regards to packaging role within the concept of environmental protection and cleaner production. First, how to quantitatively evaluate its environmental impacts and, secondly, to what extent packaging contributes to the reduction of overall (life-cycle) pollution prevention. Namely, protective role of packaging is too often neglected in discussions on packaging and environmental pollution problems. In a paper different aspects of packaging in line with the environment are discussed which confirm that packaging must be viewed in a wider context as usual because not only technological but also demographic and social changes significantly influence its environmental image. This effects not only the production optimization but also the environmental profile of the whole product supply chain.

Keywords: Packaging, environmental impacts, dematerialization, supply chains

[Abstract] [Paper]

Contributions of Environmental Accounting in Emergy for  Understanding of Soybean Production System on the Perspective of Sustainable Agriculture

L. P. Vendrametto; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: Brazil is considered the world’s granary because of its territorial extension and the possibility of transforming into agricultural land. In this context, the most outstanding commodity produced by the country is the soybean crop. About 21 million hectares of soybean are planted and approximately 61 tons are produced (harvest 2008-2009). The introduction of this Asiatic species in Brazil was recent, about 120 years ago, and so was its genetic and transgenic improvement. Due to these processes and advanced technology, improved knowhow of nutritional demands and greater access to information by the farmers, Brazil has stood out in the international scenario as a region with excellent production and productivity indices. Currently, other important issues have appeared that need to be managed such as the principles and methods that guide this type of production, the economic, social and environmental sustainability as well as the costs and environmental impact involved in obtaining these indices. The objective of this article is to discuss some examples of soybean production using the environmental accounting methodology and applying the Emergetic Ternary Diagram.

Keywords: Sustainable agriculture, sustainable soybean, emergy eccounting, emergy

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

CP Promoting System in China

Yin Jie, Duan Ning, Yu Xiuling, Bai Yanying (National Cleaner Production Center - China)

Abstract: Cleaner Production has been introduced into China since 1993. After the development in nearly two decades, a comparatively completed cleaner production promoting system has been established in China. This paper makes a detailed illustration on the regulatory system, administrative system, technical supporting system and educational system for promoting cleaner production in China. Furthermore, the paper proposes some recommendations for the further development of cleaner production in China.

Keywords: Cleaner production, China, promoting system, recommendations

[Abstract] [Organizational Report] [Presentation]

Crude Coconut Oil for Biodiesel Synthesis

G. S. Araújo; R. H. R. Carvalho; E. M. B. D. Sousa (UFRN)

Abstract: Biodisel production has become an attractive process, aimed at stimulating the production of alternative fuels. This study presents the results of biodiesel produced from coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.), using acid catalysis (with H2SO4), followed by basic catalysis (with NaOH). A 1L jacketed pyrex glass reactor with 3 outlets was used. A mechanical agitator, thermocouple and bath for thermostat regulated refrigeration were introduced. The analysis of oil composition was carried out by gas chromatography and esters compounds were identified.The effect of oil/alcohol molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature on conversion was assessed using experimental 23 planning with a central point, in triplicate, for the route analyzed.. The molar ratio variable had the greatest effect according to statistical planning analysis. The maximum conversion reached was 85.3% for a molar ratio of 1:6, temperature of 60ºC and reaction time of 90 minutes. The Coconut oil was characterized by their physical and chemical properties and key constituents in the oil. The lauric acid was its main component and even showed high acidity. The biodiesel produced was characterized by its main physicochemical properties that had very satisfactory results when compared with the standard values from the National Petroleum Agency.

Keywords: Biodiesel, catalysis, Cocos nucifera, crude oil, coconut

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Cryogenics Containers for Cargo Transport

J. L. A. Lima; M. S. Nogueira Neto; J. B. Sacomano; J. P. A. Fusco (UNIP)

Abstract: This study aims to present cryogenics as an element in transportation systems, utilizing carbon dioxide as refrigerant. This technology is not current, although its effective application in transportation gain force after the Protocol of Kyoto, besides that studies found out new ways to sequest CO2 at lower prices. Another feature to be considered is the difficulty and high costs of the technology, used nowadays, to transport frozen and cooled cargo, generically names reefer. This led the logistic community to search for alternatives that minimized costs and maximized profits. The market for frozen and cooled cargo has been increasing dramatically in emerging countries, such Brazil and China, and those countries don’t own effective methods to evacuate and store the production of perishable goods, creating logistics bottlenecks. Comparatively the proposed technology is more ecologically correct, because uses recycle CO2, which would be emitted to the atmosphere, in addition to that it doesn’t use electrical power in its application. Studies corroborated that this technology is economically feasible, for the fact of being cheaper and is a bactericide agent, joining to the legislation related to food security.

Keywords: Transportation, cryogenics, carbonic dioxide

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Decrease Environmental Impact in Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Process

Givaildo Alencar Costa (Tecnel Eletrônica)

Abstract: Due to the huge technological development and globalization phenomenon, Brazilian society was pushed towards new alternatives in order to maintain competitiveness on a global market. One possible alternative is the use of standardization, especially ISO 9000, ISO 14000 and IEC standards. However, Brazilian market is far from the international scenario and that causes several losses on local and global market share. Nonetheless this situation can be reverting by the adoption of Quality as a tool and also providing small changes on the entrepreneurship attitudes. Therefore, that is the most important characteristic of standardization. This report shows preliminary results regarding the benefits acquired with the standardization, for process, project, product, service, etc., if the target is not only economical benefits but also environmental protection. The methodology used was the case study. The process evaluated was Printed circuit board, single-face. The improvements achieved with this case study showed: a)significant environmental impact reduction, with less water and energy consumption; b)process efficiency increase; c)less raw material losses; d)less waste formation. Thus, a standardized process is useful for several stakeholders; it is a way to increase security for stock brokers, clients and society in general. It is clearly a way to increase revenues because it is a way to diminish costs, to improve technological skills ant to decrease environmental impact.

Keywords: Circuit, PCB, environmental, standards and process

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Detailed Evaluation of Cleaner Production in a Red Ceramic Industry in the State of Paraíba

L. R. Porto; E. P. de Almeida (CEPIS-PB); C. Buser (Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz - Switzerland); A. F. F. Queiroga; E. M. M. A. Nóbrega; T. C. B. Pereira (CEPIS-PB)

Abstract: This paper is based in technical, economic and environmental strategies application integrated to process and products from a red ceramic industry with the objective to increase the efficiency in the use of raw materials, water and energy, through reduction, no generation or recycling of wastes and emissions generated, with environmental, economic and occupational health benefits. The Cleaner Production program aims to identify actions of ecoefficiency in the areas, process and machines of companies, a way of to bring economic results, to reduce the consumption of resources and to prevent environmental impacts generated from inputs of process. Based in this, was developed a evaluation methodology by University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland to determination of the potentials through the QuickScan Report and the software EcoInspector. After this was made the quantification of inputs and outputs and the mass and energy flow, identification of opportunities to improvement of performance through research, presentation of the best alternatives of technical, economic and environmental feasibility. The stages of the productive process that had been detached as eventual potentials of Cleaner Production had been: preparation of the raw material, drawing, cuting and burning. It was identified a total of 28 options, had been 01 option rejected, 21 options of immediate implementation, 06 feasible options, 03 options was implemented by company, being: to cover the clay with canvas, to use cut wire of 0,9 mm and levelling of drying área.   One of the options of immediate implementation was to arrange a employee to clean the clay, this option presented a economics in electric energy, and an increase in the production. After the approval of the options by the company, was mounted an action plan in order to certify and to follow the implementation of them.

Keywords: Red ceramic, cleaner production, energetic efficiency, ecoeficiency

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Determination of Relevant Environmental Impacts and Benefits Caused by Balbina Hydropower at Amazon

D. Wittmann; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: While Brazil exploits less than 30% of its hydrological potential to generate electricity, the hydroelectric generation system operates near the limit of capacity. In parallel, more than 10 projects, totaling approximately 2,500 MW (megawats), are hampered, some of them about from 20 years, without generating electricity, due to environmental issues. There is uncertainty in terms of new investments, and controversy about the losses and environmental benefits, this the central point. This study engages in determining relevant environmental impacts and benefits beyond the generation itself, using the methodology of accounting emergy (Odum, 1996), which based on the ecology, thermodynamics and systems analysis, is able to assemble in a common unit (joules of solar energy), values both physical, as social and economic. For both is studied the hydropower Balbina, in the Amazon, selected, first by being considered the worst Brazilian example in terms of environmental performance, second because the northern region of Brazil is that most shows potential to be exploited. This paper presents that Balbina shows favorable environmental sustainability. There are apparent signs, but left doubts about the beneficial role socio-economic. The most representative environmental damage is represented by the emission of gases causing the greenhouse effect, CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CH4 (methane), mainly due to the extensive and shallow flooded area, and their inappropriate preparation for flooding, in combination with the natural and complex climatic condition of the Amazon.

Keywords: Production of hydroelectric power, emergy, environmental sustainability, Balbina hydropower, Amazon

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Determining CO2 emissions and storages in a commercial bamboo plantation

L. Ghelmandi Netto; B. F. Giannetti; C. M. V. B. Almeida; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: This work aims to quantify emissions and storages of CO2 in a commercial bamboo plantation using a CO2 eq. mass balance. The species of bamboo examined in this work is Bambusa vulgaris, the main bamboo species cultivated in northeastern Brazil. Labor inputs were not taken into account as they do not emit CO2. In both scenerys considered in this study to perform the CO2 balance, and the CO2 captured in the bamboo plantation exceeded that emited.

Keywords: CO2, commercial bamboo plantation, CO2 emissions and storages

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Development of a Environmental Methodology for Solid Wastes Management in Higher Education Institutions

C. R. Vaz; A. B. Fagundes; P. C. Machado; I. L. Oliveira; J. L. Kovaleski (UTFPR)

Abstract: This work aimed to present a critical analysis about the development of a methodology for solid wastes management in Higher Education Institutions (HEI). Researches were undertaken on technical rules and on the specialized literature on Environment over the last ten years. In a comparative study between methodologies ISO 14001 and Cleaner Production (CP), it was verified convergent and complementary points to its implantation in a HEI. It was done a case study at UTFPR-PG, where factors like environmental aspects and impacts, initial environmental diagnostic, purposes and targets and the way the campus fits with CP were surveyed and analyzed. It was possible to conclude that the application of ISO 14001 altogether with CP can effectively contribute for an improvement in the competitivity of HEI´s and magnify the vision about the environmental tools application in this sector.

Keywords: Higher education institution, cleaner production, ISO 14001

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Development of Pro Active Sustainable Positions in Activities of Ambient Management in Busca of the Profitability. Application and Development of the Concept of Cleaner Production in Company of Casting in the Rio Grande Do Sul

M. C. Nehme; C. Quissini; J. Slovinscki (UCS)

Abstract: This article searches to identify sustainable model, developed through a system of ambient management pro-asset, implanted in organization, with polluting potential, that it looks to remain itself competitive, in emergent markets and extremely disputed. To ahead recognize the new positions of these questions and as the organization will be able to extend its participation in the market, as much as for the visibility before the most varied customers, as well as in its adaptations to the costs demanded in this dispute. To detach the importance of the incorporation of the productive chain in the analysis of ambient costs that will be able to as well as increase the value generated for the shareholder being based on not the generation of wastefulnesses and residues in the productive process in the returns come of the one powders-sell and powders-consume. This article tells to the results gotten with the application of active systems of ambient management pro in company of the branch of casting in the state of the Rio Grande do Sul, where by means of the use of sustainable tools the concepts of PmaisL had been applied.

Keywords: Sustainable development, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Diagnosis of the Cleaner Production in Amazonas State

B. G. Pereira (INPA); I. R. Neto (UCB); K. Yuyama (INPA); H. G. Pereira (Kali-Umwelttechnik GmbH Sondershausen - Germany) ; C. L. P. de Matos (SEBRAE-AM)

Abstract: This study, shows a diagnosis of the application of the Cleaner Production (CP) in Amazonas State. From the analysis of reports from the Nucleus of Clean Production (NPL) and open interviews with managers and consultants of the NPL, was verified that the program generates economic, environment advantages, of health and occupational security. The results demonstrate that, in Amazonas, the culture of Clean Production is spread out by SEBRAE/AM for the NPL, since 2003. Up to 2006, 25 companies had implemented the CP program, and these majority is classified as micron and small companies. Twenty and four of these companies are located in Manaus and take care of the local market. Almost all of these companies are finds in the commerce segment, the representation type and also in the segment of the transformation industry. 75% of the companies who had applied the PmaisL are part of the Productive Group of Oil and Gas in Amazonas. About the implemented techniques of PmaisL, 72% represent the adoption of good practical, including operational and management action, with improvements in the administrative system, storage, election and preservation of the solid residues and elimination of obsolete materials that can be recyclable. These practical had reduced residues and normally have being implemented with low cost and Sebrae-AM subsidy at Technological Consulting Program. In this case, was considered ambient regulation (fines, penalties, etc.), searching the conformity of these companies, to prevent serious cuts in the profitability caused by harmful actions to the environment. The work conditions improvements, like small reforms, implantation of security systems and selective collection and equipment purchase are some examples of these applied technological measures (22%). Another example observed was the care with health and occupational security. Was observed that one of the biggest challenges of the involved companies is the continuous improvement of the processes from the program of PmaisL, since is a program that does not certifies yet. The PmaisL concepts and potentials are obscure for the most part of the society and government; in this case it is being necessary to build a new politics for spreading and use of Cleaner Production (CP), as well as application in micron and small companies. This will generate for the companies one better strategical vision front environment questions and consumer requirements.

Keywords: Environment management, residues reduction, good practical, companies, Amazonas

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Diagnosis of the Forest Fragmentation on Watershed Córrego Poço Grande, Ouro Verde do Oeste City, Paraná

D. Mondardo; A. Uhlein; D. D. Castagnara; F. G. Klein; A. Feiden; C. C. Meinerz (UNIOESTE)

Abstract: The forest fragmentation resulting from the antropic action threatens the biodiversity of ecosystems, be for the extinction or record reduction in the present genetic diversity in the fragments. The great devastation in search of new arable areas and of more space for growth of the cities has result in a mosaic of forest fragments an every chance minor and more isolated, still hindering more the conservation of the genetic and biological diversity of the natural ecosystems. The environmental adaptation of the rural properties proposed by the Project Management by Basins, integral of the Program Cultivating Good Water, idealized by Itaipu Binacional together with several partners, it seeks, besides other, the reduction in the impacts caused by the forest fragmentation, through the restoration of the areas of permanent preservation and of missing reservation legal. The present work evaluated the existent forest fragmentation in the Córrego Poço Grande watershed, municipal district of Ouro Verde do Oeste, Paraná. The microbacia was object of work of the Project Management for Basins, where the rising was accomplished to field of the cadastral data, the use of the soil, environmental liabilities and georeferencing of the rural properties. The data were processed for elaboration of the cartographic maps of the properties, map of environmental diagnosis and project of environmental control, and the mosaic of use of the current soil and proposed after environmental adaptation of the watershed. Through the formed mosaics the number and the size of the existent forest fragments were quantified in the watershed, the same ones were characterized as of area of permanent preservation or of legal reservation, and classified in agreement with the busy area. 65 forest fragments were observed in the watershed, and legal reservation's areas came more fragmented, totaling 60 fragments. Most of the fragments was considered small and very small, could be the bottle mouth for the preservation and survival of the fauna and flora native of the area. The presence can be observed of only three fragments considered exceptional, whose areas would supply conditions for the development of a lot of species, tends conditions of maintaining the natural biodiversity of the area.

Keywords: Area of constant preservation, forest fragmentation, legal reserve

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Disrupting the Business of Producing Automobiles: Technologies for Cleaner Production

C. Zapata (ESRC BRASS Centre - Cardiff University & University of California - UK); P. Nieuwenhuis (ESRC BRASS Centre - Cardiff University - UK)

Abstract: The concept of innovation has been used in a wide range of contexts and the theoretical development has proven to be extremely valuable to provide important insights into intra-market competition and strategy. The automotive industry offers a fertile terrain for the progress of the uncompleted theory building process of innovation, especially with the introduction of alternative fuels and alternative powertrain technologies.  The application of these concepts is fundamental for the sustainability of the entire industry. This paper will look at the concept of innovation in the context of the modern automotive industry focusing on the notion of regulatory innovation of alternative fuels and alternative powertrain. For the purpose of analysing this issue, special attention will be given to the concepts of radical and incremental innovation, which will be applied to existing alternative fuels and alternative powertrain technologies, including hybrids, biofuels and hydrogen power.  The article will explore these three categories looking at representative case studies: the Brazilian ethanol experience with biofuels, the development of the Toyota hybrid vehicle and the technological development of hydrogen fuel cells. 

Keywords: Automotive industry, alternative technologies, innovation, biofuels, hybrids, hydrogen fuel cells

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Dissemination of Cleaner Production Tool In the Brazilian Public Universities

Flávia pinheiro Faria; E. B. A. V. Pacheco (UFRJ)

Abstract: The chemical industry can be considered one of the most responsible for dispersion of toxic substances in the environment, due to nature and to the amount of residues generated along its productive processes.  It is not enough to attenuate and control the pollutants of this industry, but prevent or minimize their generating source.  Cleaner Production (CP) is a good tool for environment management, mainly in small and medium-sized companies which are the majority in Brazil, and it is considered an option for economical and environmental benefits, which can be tangibles and intangibles.  Case studies in the industrial sector are being carried out by universities or governmental institutions, observing that independently of the branch of performance of the companies, the chemical processes are the ones that receive greater attention.  A bibliographical research was done to verify the dissemination of the concept of CP in Brazilian universities through academic works. These studies showed that entrepreneurs’ awareness have been improved in relation to the environmental preservation.  The digital libraries of the public universities were accessed, concluding that Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Bahia states concentrated 63% of the documents found up to 2006.  The majority case studies were developed in chemical companies and they were from master dissertations.

Keywords: Cleaner production, chemical industry, Brazilian universities, case studies

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Eco Industrial Park Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Paracambi EIP

L. B. E. Veiga; A. Magrini (UFRJ)

Abstract: This paper presents the Eco Industrial Park (EIP) concept, an environmental management tool that is being spread in many nations around the world as an industrial model that can reconcile the three “Es” of sustainability – environment, social equity and economic efficiency - as it reorganizes industrial practices and activities in order to meet sustainable development goals. Although being an emerging concept, there are many EIP projects being implemented, and many of them already operating in North America, Europe, Asia, Central and South America, including in Rio de Janeiro State (RJS), Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro State (RJS) industrialization has brought wealth and development; however it has also brought many externalities. One of these externalities is the high level of industrial concentration, resulting in increasingly urban concentration, the damage and destruction of many environmental areas and in a high level of soil, air and water pollution. This unsustainable economic growth has increased resource consumption and environmental degradation.  RJS government, looking for possible solutions to the disorderly industrial settlement and for possible ways to minimize waste management problems, inspired by international experiences, began to consider EIPs as a possible strategic planning alternative to achieve sustainable development.  The EIP Program (Programa Rio-Ecopolo) was launched in RJS through the State Decree 31.339/2002, as a mean to foster sustainable development and to ameliorate the environmental, economic and social distress caused by unplanned urban and industrial development.  The objective of this paper is to present the development of EIPs in RJS focusing on Paracambi EIP, located in Paracambi municipality, the only pilot project to be developed in a greenfield site.  This paper also presents a methodology developed for planning Paracambi EIP. This methodology was developed based on studies and projects developed worldwide.  The United States Environmental Protection Agency US-EPA software Facility Synergy Tool (FaST) was a major tool used in order to plan this EIP. Today, five years after the EIP Program was launched, unlike what was expected, collaboration among the actors involved (government, public agencies, private institutions, industries, communities and university) has not evolved the way it should have.  Changes in political administration interrupted public sector participation. From what has been accomplished to date, EIPs are at an early stage of development. We argue that RJS has the potential to create a sustainable industrial system in the near future. However, the continuity of EIPs will only be successful if we have a convergence of the actors’ interests.

Keywords: Eco Industrial Parks, sustainable development, industrial ecology, Paracambi Municipality

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Ecodesign and Cleaner Production: Production Inovation at the Furniture Sector

M. G. Farias (UDESC); A. da Silva (Moveis Neumann-SC) ; R. Langer (UDESC)

Abstract: This article has as objective to demonstrate the importance and the results of the process of integration of the University of the State of Santa Catarina with the business sectors - in special, by means of the companies nets called “Local Productive Arrangements” at Furniture Sector, in the advances of the use of the concept of the Innovation, Ecodesign and Cleaner Production for the endorsement of the Sustainable Regional Development.

Keywords: Cleaner production, innovation, ecodesign, local productive arrangement, furniture sector

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Ecodesign in productive chain of sugar cane: cooperative mobilizations

I. K. Makiya (UNIP)

Abstract: The productive chain of sugar-cane presents a strong potential of ecologycally maintainable solutions, in manner to incorporate conquests for a larger number of companies and groups producing of sugar-cane, sugar and alcohol of Brazil. Thus, researches in cane varieties; the Genoma project to identify 50 thousand genes of the cane; the production of biodegradable plastic; creation of the sugar type VVHP (White pollen) that requests less effort in industrial and technology process for using residues of the cane agro-industry in co-generation of electric energy, they are some of the countless conquests obtained by research centers that contributed decisively to the national alcohol cane-sugar segment reaches the world leadership. In that way, public politics, organizations of the first and second sector have been looking for alternatives in a cooperative way for emerging solutions to this segment, based sustentability on the long term, due to future positive perspectives, including programs of alternative sources of energy, as etanol, biodiesel and biomassa; alternative sources of biodegradable packings, and in the ecoefficient re-design of the productive chain as a whole. 

Keywords: Ecodesign, sugar-cane, alternative energy

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Ecodesign Methods focused on Remanufacturing

D. C. A. Pigosso; E. T. Zanette; A. Guelere Filho; A. R. Ometto (USP)

Abstract: The consumption and production of products throughout its lifecycle is at the origin of the most pollution and resources depletion that our society causes. The environmental impact at the products’ end-of-life can be considerably reduced by the application of remanufacture. Encouraged by environmental legislation, such as the WEEE in Europe, and motivated by aftermarket reasons, the importance of remanufacture industry has increased recently worldwide. Remanufacturing is defined as the transformation of an end-of-life product into a product with an ‘as good as new’ condition. The remanufacturing process includes several stages, among them product disassembly, cleaning and identification of parts, parts recovery, testing and product re-assembly. To successfully implement remanufacturable products, they should had been designed for this purpose previously. Thus, the initial phases of the product development process must consider the aspects of remanufacturing such as disassembly opportunities, facilities and reverse logistics. The consideration of theses aspects can be made by means of Ecodesign, which is a proactive posture of environmental management that, by integrating environmental concern to the product development process, aims to reduce the total environmental impact of products throughout its entire lifecycle, without compromising other important aspects as quality, costs, ergonomics, aesthetics, etc. There are several Ecodesign’ methods that focus on the remanufacturing process and can be successfully applied in order to obtain more sustainable products, minimizing its adverse environmental impacts. The aim of this paper is to present some Ecodesign methods which focus on end-of-life strategies, including, among others, remanufacturing. It is important that all end-of-life strategies are related once not all products’ components can be remanufactured. Hence other end-of-life strategies, such as recycling and reuse, should be made possible and viable.

Keywords: Ecodesign, remanufacture, methods

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Ecological Construction a Model for the Sustainable Development

R. C. Kanning; E. C. C. de Aguiar (UTFPR)

Abstract: The materials that constitute the urban garbage, the home deficit, the raised consumption of natural resources and generation of residues for the civil construction are subjects of great importance and concern for all the nations. The project Unit Knowledge is presented as a proposal to minimize these problems, therefore the EPS (styropor), the plastic bottles PET, tire and bombonas beyond reducing the use of natural resources as the sand and the crushed rock, propitiates not the use of the nesting mortar, supplies to raw materials the production of blocks and mortar, reducing the volume of the garbage to be made use; it has low cost of production and under orientation technique they allow to the living futures the execution of the units in reduced time.

Keywords: Unit knowledge, ISOPET, EPS, bottles PET, tire

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Emergy–based Environmental Accounting of the Engineering Course at a Paulista University Campus

A. P. Z. Santos; A. D. Frugoli; C. M. V. B. Almeida, P. A. Frugoli, C. A. F. Lima(UNIP)

Abstract: This study applies emergy accounting to assess an Engineering course offered in an educational building at Paulista University- UNIP. The building used by the Engineering course at Campus Indianópolis is occupied by teachers, students and staff. Energy and material flows used for construction and use of the building are evaluated. Information provided to students is also accounted. The total emergy of the building (construction and use) is 1.25 x 10e18 sej / year, where the concrete presents the most significant contribution due to to the large number of classrooms and laboratories used by the Engineering course. The second major contribution is due to the large investment in equipments, suggesting a concern of the University with an appropriate engineer training. The total emergy of the Engineering course (including information) is 5.20 x 10e19 sej (for a course with duration of five years). This value is much higher than that corresponding to the building construction, due to the high emergy of information. The emergy of the building contributes with 12.1% in the engineers training and the emergy from information received by students accounts for 87.9%. The transformity of the graduated engineer is 7.4 times higher than that of students entering the University. This increase is mainly associated to the knowledge acquired during the five years course.

Keywords: Environmental accounting, emergy, university, ungineering, information

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Energetic & Environmental Framework of Biofuels Plants

F. D. Soler (Siqueira Castro Advogados)

Abstract: This article addresses the variables of energy and environmental of Biofuels Plants, especially when licensed in the State of São Paulo, with focus on the National Planning of the Electricity Sector, the National Plan of Proálcool and Agroenergy, the Bioenergy in São Paulo State Environmental and Licensing Biofuels Plants. Under the National Energy Policy are considered the studies that prioritize the long-term vision of the sector of energy and are developed by the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) and National Energy Plan 2030 (PNE-2030) and the Ten Year Plan for Expansion Electric Energy (PDEE). It is then reviewed the Proálcool, program for the production of ethanol from sugar cane that the federal government sought to encourage in the 70s, the production of alcohol in place of pure gasoline, reducing imports of oil. Recently established the National Plan of Agroenergy, which presents some challenges for ethanol such as the development of technologies sparing of inputs and the elimination or mitigation of environmental impacts. The State of São Paulo, in turn, has said and also established a goal to create a Bioenergy Plan Paulista, considering not only the issues related to national and international markets for ethanol, but also the environmental aspects as management, legal reserve, emissions weather and fire, mechanized harvesting, water consumption and carbon emissions. Finally, this article discusses the administrative procedure of environmental licensing of Biofuels Plants, giving emphasis to studies and reports on environmental impact (EIA / RIMA) of such business, and stating the main environmental variables related to licensing, such as:
Public Hearing ; Strategic Ethanol Project Green and Agro-Environmental Protocol; Zoning AE, Agricultural Policy, Master Plan, Soil Use and Occupancy; Impact Assessment Neighborhood, Fauna, Flora; Permanent Preservation Area (APP); Legal Reserve (Reserve Legal); harvest of the Cana - -Sugar; Conservation Units; Compensation Environmental, Water, Waste and Wastewater; Fertirrigação System - Vinhaça, noise emission, Atmospheric Emissions, Environmental Education and Heritage Paleológos, Archaeological and Historical Monuments of Cultural Value.

Keywords: Energy, environmental, licensing, biofuels plants

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Energy Efficiency Management

J. M. A. Godoi; S. Oliveira Junior (USP)

Abstract: Starting from the evidence that, in their forms of natural resources extraction,
transformation, transportation, storage and energy use, the energy systems interfere in
socio-environmental sustainability components, this work establishes the direct and irrevocable correspondence between kilowatt-hour (kWh) or tons of oil equivalent (toe)
produced units, which their equivalent pollution emissions, like tons of carbon dioxide (tCO2), nitrogen oxides (tNOx), etc, or human contingents that have to leave their habitat to hydroelectrical plants, etc. In front of this absolute certainty and the high industry energy demand, it’s revealed the crucial necessity of the industrial systems for sistematic energy efficiency programs. This article also demonstrates that, in its activities of planning, production and treatment of final products and waste (of increasing entropy) and in its high level activities, as research and development of new tecnologies, processes, materials and products whose result in best efficiency of resources, the Cleaner Production has connection with the energy and with the energy efficiency.

Keywords: Cleaner production, energy efficiency, energy efficiency management

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental accounting in emergy for a house construction

J. G. A. Carvalho; S. H. Bonilla; C. M. V. B. Almeida (UNIP)

Abstract: The present study uses the environmental accounting in emergy to analyze a house construction. The energy and materials inflows are evaluated for each stage of the construction. The final emergy flow for the building manufacturing process is 2,07E+17 sej (solar energy joules). The results highlight the environmental cost relative to the different constitutive parts of the building as groundwork, building frame, walls and covering. Materials that are the major emergy contributors are cement, sand and stone.

Keywords: Emergy, environmental accounting, building manufacturing

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental accounting: the change of zinc plating for organometallic coatings to enhance performance and to minimize emissions

J. F. Faro; B. F. Giannetti; C. M. V. B. Almeida; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: This work evaluates the use of resources by two different surface finishing processess for metallic pieces, using environmental accounting. Organometallic finishing is gradually substituting the traditional electrolytic zinc finishing, as it improves corrosion resistance and diminishes efluent emission. Moreover, organometallic coatings donot use chromium in their composition. Results show that organometallic coatings are environmentally friendlier than zinc coatings.

Keywords: Coating, zinc, organometallic, chromium, environmentally friendlier

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Assessments of Transportation Biofuels in Europe: A Survey

C. P. Pappis; E. C. Petrou (University of Piraeus - Greece)

Abstract: A substantial transportation biofuels sector is present in the EU-27 countries raising controversy about their environmental impacts. A survey of the literature regarding assessments of these impacts is presented, following a brief outline of the EU-27 biofuels production. The main assessments’ results, based on extensive search in sources of scientific evidence and information related to the paper’s topic, are cited and compared, combined with a discussion about these findings. Several conclusions are drawn and comments are made regarding, among others, the “splash and dash” system of European biodiesel, the uncertainty in the parameters related to LCIA of biofuels, the economic basis of their environmental impacts, the insufficient treatment of the land use impact category, etc.

Keywords: Biodiesel, bioethanol, environmental impacts, LCIA

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Environmental Benefits of Water Recovery in a Tilapia Production System, by Using Emergy Environmental Accounting

J. L. Pierobom; S. H. Bonilla (UNIP)

Abstract: The emergy environmental accounting developed by Odum was applied to evaluate the water recovery system used to treat water released from a tilapia production system known as acquaponic. For this purpose, the whole acquaponic system (including the water recovery process by a coupled rhizospheric-hydroponic system) was compared with the same tilapia production system but in the absence of the water recovering system. The present work aims to quantify the emergy environmental benefits when water is treated and recover through the coupled rhizospheric-hydroponic system. Benefits related to renewable inputs (R) were negligible but purchased inputs (F) show an emergy decrease of 29% when water is recovered inside the acquaponic system. Also tilapia transformity shows an improvement of 24 % with water recover. Emergy flow difference resulted from water recovering is 5,86x10e15 sej, representing an improvement of global efficiency of 25%. The emergy sustainability índex shows that both systems are within the range of non-sustainability. Even so, water recovering inside the acquaponic systems enables an improvement of 50%.

Keywords: Environmental accounting, emergy, aquaculture, water recovery, tilapias

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental efficiency as generating factor to enhance productivity - Presentation of the results obtained in a ceramic industry from Ceará State

C. H. A. Bezerra (SENAI-CETAE); J. A. Gomes (UFC); K. M. A. Morais (SENAI-CETAE); I. C. Mattos (UFC); R. B. Silveira (SENAI-CETAE)

Abstract: The research was carried through in the Cajazeiras Ceramics, industry of the ceramic sector situated in Cascavel-Ceará. The main products produced and commercialized for the company are structural blocks of prohibition, flagstone and blocks. The main substance used cousin is the clay. Effluent liquids, solid residues and atmospheric emissions during the productive activities are generated. The solid residues are generated from the loss of materials for defect in the finished product. A production of more than 2500 milheiros of blocks damaged per year is esteem. The consumption of water, raw material, energy and of solid residues for product had been defined as indicating ambient with the objective to identify the consumption for produced ceramics block, besides identifying the economic loss generated by wastefulness of blocks damaged in the production. With this analysis some alternatives for minimização of the production of residues, effluent had been suggested and emissions inside of the Program of Cleaner Production, such as, Modification in the product, Modification of technology, I reuse and recycling, Compostagem, Alterations in the process, among others. From the evaluation of the raised data the company was divided by sectors (preparation, drawing and burn) for identification of chances and/or problems, plan of action and strategies, barriers and necessities, beyond the identification of the priority level. Had the inadequate use of boquilha the drawing process of the ceramic blocks presented an index of retrabalho verified in up to 30%. With the equipment exchange for boquilhas new and balanced a decrease in the index of re-work in 12% was verified, generating one better exploitation of the natural resources and energy and consequently better indices of productivity and prescription. Associated the technological improvement of the equipment exchange of boquilha, a survey of impurities was carried through that allowed to the planning of a handling of the extration and preparation of the clay most adequate, allowing the clay entrance in the cleaner productive process of resulted impurities and this form providing better in the production. Through surveys in I lease was evidenced that the use of simple door more generates a consumption of 0,08m³/milheiro of the one than with the use of double doors in the ovens hoffmans. With relation to the ambient improvements it is had: Lesser consumption of firewood for produced part, to the end of one year we will have an area of 36Ha of bushes of bioma caatinga that they had not been deforested, considering that 1ha of bush of bioma caatinga produces 52m³ of native firewood (given of the FIERN), providing a lesser ambient impact of that the previous a implantation of the Program of Cleaner Production.

Keywords: Cleaner production, ambient impact, solid residues, generation of effluent

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Environmental Impact Assessment under the view of the elaborators and their Knowledge Management activities

C. V. Viegas; C. S. C. R. Coelho; P. M. Selig (UFSC)

Abstract: Multidisciplinary action, founded on team’s experiences, but few systematized and highly individualized. These are some of the features of the nowadays Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practices according their elaborators. This paper presents a theoretical scheme developed to analyse Knowledge Management in EIA, and some results of a survey carried out with 33 EIA’s consultants. We investigate acquisition, validation and integration knowledge processes, as well as the elaborators’ perceptions regarding to the EIA’s aims.

Keywords: Environmental impact assessment, knowledge management, sustainability

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Impacts and Biodiesel Production in Pilot Scale

J. Kaercher; R. C. S. Schneider; R. A. Klamt; W. L. T. Silva; W. L. Schmatz (UNISC)

Abstract: The biodiesel production in pilot scale could be accomplished with minimum environmental impact. In this work was evaluate a prototype produces at UNISC for production of sunflower oil biodiesel using Leopold interaction matrix. It was consider the process stages and the actions for minimization of the environmental impact this equipment. It was observe that after the needs environmental actions for improvement of equipment it was reduce the environmental impact during biodiesel production. Therefore, the impact in relation to order (direct or indirect), time (long, average or short term), dynamics (permanent or temporary) and of plasticity (reversible or irreversible) was reduces and, it can be observed as a positive actions control, when adopted, they had affected the ambient factors in its excellent characteristics and allow to greater the sustainability of the process.

Keywords: Biodiesel, environmental impacts, pilot scale

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Impacts Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Soybean in Brazil

O. Cavalett; E. Ortega (UNICAMP)

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the environmental impacts of biodiesel production from soybean in Brazil. For this objective it were used the environmental impact indicators provided by emergy accounting method, the embodied energy analysis and the material flow accounting method. One of the in findings of the study are that energy content in a liter of biodiesel is only 2.3 times greater than the fossil-based energy required to produce it. The transformity of biodiesel (4.59E+05 seJ/J) is higher than those calculated for fossil fuels (coal, 6.70E+04 seJ/J; natural gas, 8.04E+04 seJ/J; oil 9.05E+04 seJ/J; gasoline and diesel, 1.11E+05 seJ/J) and also for other biofuels (Ethanol from sugarcane, 3.15E+05 seJ/J; Biodiesel from sunflower, 2.31E+05 seJ/J) indicating a higher demand for resources. Similarly, the biodiesel emergy yield ratio was only 1.46, while it ranges from 3 to 7 for fossil fuels indicating lower net emergy that is delivered to consumers. When crop production and industrial conversion to fuel are supported by fossil fuels (considered non renewable energy sources) in the form of chemicals, goods, and process energy, the fraction of fuel that is actually renewable is very low (around 25%). In this way, the future of biodiesel production is very likely to be linked to the ability of clustering biofuels production with other agro industrial activities at an appropriate scale and mode of production to take advantage of the potential supply of valuable co-products.

Keywords: Emergy accounting, energy balance, material flow accounting, biodiesel, soybean

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental labelling - a study on NR's

M. F. Preussler; M. Vaz; J. A. R. Moraes; D. A. R. Lopez (UNISC)

Abstract: Currently the valuation in the society in consuming correct and ambiently healthful products is noticed. Some countries, as manifestation of ambient conscience, the products adopt voluntary mechanisms of evironmental labelling with attribution of "green stamps" to products that take care of criteria of control previously established. In this direction, the evironmental labelling is if becoming a powerful instrument of market, suggesting the importance of to analyzing its laws and elaborated studies of this subject, because the Programs of Ambient Labelling had appeared, mainly, like a result of a change in the standards of consumption and production. It is noticed, by the analyses, that the ambient labelling can help to contribute for the formation of the conscientious consumer, in sight of the standards of production and consumption. The ambient labels configure a system to information the origin of the product, the studies of evaluation of the life cycle and if a process that uses clean technologies.

Keywords: Environmental labelling, green stamp, ambiental education

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Environmental Management on the Project of Serra do Mar´s New Immigrants Highway: Study case

D. A. Fungaro (IPEN-CNEN-São Paulo); L. Martins (UniABC); A. F. Margarido (Figueiredo Ferraz Consultoria e Eng. de Projetos)

Abstract: The Environmental Management System considers restrictions on the project, on the product or on the service, by environmental agencies as challenges to innovation and creating solutions that will provide sustainable development. This is the ecological philosophy that can be found in this project of the New Immigrants highway, where specialists through a scientific methodology solved a complex equation, involving the environmental aspect versus the impact, whose solution produces sustainable development. The implementation of Environmental System in the project brought the commitment in favour of two pillars of management: to prevent the environment impact and the continuous improvement of this project. One could say that the project met the goal to satisfy the socio-economic interests of the population of São Paulo, and produced benefits such as: environmental benefit, through the production of a work environmentally clean, with a reduction of the intervention in the forest reserve, technical advantage, to enter the rock mass, reduced the trajectory of the highway with more quality and institutional advantage, by providing a good institutional image among the public and governmental departments.

Keywords: Environmental management, New Immigrants highway, sustainable development, environmental impact

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Management Promotion through Collaborative Activities: the Project Quatro+ Experience

C. Henkels; B. Frank (FURB); A. Grothe-Senf (Fachhochschule für Wirtschaft (FHW) - Berlin - Germany)

Abstract: This paper describes the Project Quatro+, an experiment designed to promote cleaner production in small and medium size companies around the city of Blumenau. The project develops collaborative activities between university and companies, mainly workshops and consultancy. Production Engineering students take part in all steps of the project. The project is developed as part of a cooperation program between German and Brazilian Universities, financed by CAPES and DAAD. At the local level it is supported also by Municipal Environmental Foundation of Blumenau and by Regional Labor Agency. The results shown that the project succeeded in having management and technical improvements in the companies, and also in the organizational learning among the eco-teams. But the experience also had shown that the environmental laws are difficult to be understand and used by small and middle size companies.

Keywords: Clean production, environmental management, learn organization

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Performance Evaluation as a Tool for Environmental Management

D. Fiori; M. Montaño (COC)

Abstract: The present paper brings a discussion about the use of Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)as a tool for environmental management. Due to its characteristics, EPE can be coupled to other management instruments focused at the improvement of the efficiency at using raw materials and energy, like cleaner production. The paper presents a case study applied to a beverage company, sited near Ribeirão Preto, a large-sized district of São Paulo estate (Brazil). The paper concludes that the use of EPE as a support at decision-making process is helpful to organizations, especially if integrated to cleaner production methods.

Keywords: Environmental Performance Evaluation, environmental management, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Performance Evaluation Based on  the Concept of Cleaner Production

A. Coelho; M. A. Macedo; L. N. L. Vidal; E. S. Correia (SENAI -Bahia)

Abstract: The SENAI National Department (ND), under the NCCT - National Center of Clean Technologies of the SENAI Rio Grande do Sul technique coordination, in joint with the São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Bahia Regional Departments, developed a project pilot whose objective was to establish an Environmental Performance Measurement Methodology to identify and validate the environmental and processes indicators in companies who implemented the methodology of Cleaner Production developed by the UNIDO/UNEP and intended to get a Certificate of Environmental Performance. In the first phase of the project a listing of companies registered in cadastre as participant of the Suppliers Qualification Program - SQP was elaborated by the Euvaldo Lodi Institute - ELI, in which the Environment Area of the SENAI Bahia Regional Department, located in the CETIND Unit, promoted the environment workshops. Based on the involvement level of the high administration companies, the physical structure, evaluation of the processes block diagrams and action plans were suggested for the SQP, where the possible companies candidates were selected to be part of this project, that demanded as minimal requirements, to belong at least, of one of the following sectors: metal-mechanic, construction civil, chemical, paper-graph and editorial and clothes-textile, that have implemented action of Cleaner Production and they did not have any legal nor environmental no conformities together the regulatory environmental agency. The selected companies signed the Adhesion Term, having committed themselves to support their development of the activities foreseen in the scope of the project; which included the accomplishment of environmental diagnosis of the company, through the study of the stages of the productive process; environmental, economic and social identification of the aspects and impacts; definition of the environmental and processes indicators to be monitored during six months and in an annual basis per more 3 years, as goal proposal and was committed between the parts; fulfilling the Performance Evaluation Data with the measurements of the indicators during the six first months; justifications and evidences of the attendance; an environmental external audit carried through by SENAI ND. The project had as premise to issue an Environmental Performance Certificate for companies who reached 80% goals and to establish a process of external audit for verification of conformity and proposal of new indicators to be pursued as continuous improvement.

Keywords: Cleaner Production, environmental and processes indicators, metal-mechanic, chemical, clothes-textile

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Environmental Performance of Cement Industry in Vietnam: The Influence of ISO 14001 Certification

N. Q. Ahn; L. Hens (Vrije Universiteit Brussels - Belgium)

Abstract: The cement industry is one of the oldest and most important industries in Vietnam’s developing economy. It is also one of greatest environmental polluters, especially in terms of air pollution. Several causes contribute to the adverse environmental impacts of cement industry, including backward technology (many factories use stand kiln production technology), weak environmental management, and lack of environmental awareness, etc. To reduce environmental impacts of industries and improve environmental performance, the Vietnamese Government encourages introducing ISO 14001-based environmental management systems into businesses. While much has been written on Western experiences, there are hardly documentation and analysis the effectiveness of ISO 14001 in Vietnam. This research examines the influence of the international ISO 14001 norm in the environmental performance of Vietnam’s cement factories. The study focuses on: i) finds out the changes in environmental performance between pre- and post- 14001 certification; ii) compares the environmental performance between certified and uncertified cement factories. The impact of ISO 14001 certification on the industry is studied by using a self-assessment questionnaire survey mailing to 56 factories in the whole country and the response rate is 26% overall (15 factories). In additional to the self-assessment, the annual environmental data, focusing on air emission from 15 responses are used. For the management performance, the preliminary results demonstrate that the environmental awareness and attention among certified factories was clearly better than those in uncertified factories. For the operational performance, the results show that there is no clear different between certified and uncertified group as well before as after adopting the ISO 14001 standard. The emission values are all below the Vietnamese National Standards for Air Quality. These results advocate the need for more research on environmental management systems, to explore the causal links between EMS and environmental performance in Vietnam.

Keywords: Environmental management systems, ISO 14001, environmental performance

[Abstract] [Presentation]

Environmental Public Policy and Performance Improvement Induction: an Initial Review

F. M. Ribeiro (CETESB); I. Kruglianskas (USP)

Abstract: Recently it has been possible to verify great advances in corporate environmental management, in part due to environmental regulation - that imposing cost for legal accomplishment stimulates the search for preventive solutions and cost reduction. Environmental public policy instruments on this sense have grown beyond traditional standards and permits to economic tools, and more recently to innovative mechanisms called as “performance based”. This kind of instrument, characterized by the consideration of the enterprise own environmental performance as a criteria to regulation enforcement has been adopted on several countries, mainly United Sates. The present article, preliminary result of a doctorate research on the theme, brings an analysis of some important studies concerning corporate (and more specifically industrial) environmental public policies, environmental performance measurement and tool, to summarize and evaluate some performance based experiences. At the end it is possible to perceive a high potential to implement this kind of instrument in Brazil, and more specifically on São Paulo State, both to allow differenced sector criteria negotiation and to face new environmental challenges still not covered by actual legislation, as greenhouse gas emissions and endocrine disruptors.

Keywords: Environmental public police, environmental management, environmental performance, regulation, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental Regulation to Sustainability: Contributions to Build a Theoretical Reference on the Limits of Traditional Models

F. M. Ribeiro (CETESB), I. Kruglianskas (USP)

Environmental Requirements on the Product Process Development Applied in Furniture Industries

P. A. Azevedo; A. M. Nolasco (ESALQ)

Abstract: This study aimed at identifying the environmental requirements adopted by small industries of furniture to make to order process of product development, the internal and external factors that led to the adoption and those needed for greater sustainability in the production system. In recent years, the complex issues that cross the process of industrial transformation and the interest in the environment have multiplied, increasingly affecting the micro and small enterprises, the most affected by the difficulties of adapting their corporate culture to the new challenges of environmental compliance and sustainable development. To that end, 18 were considered micro and small enterprises in the Furniture Pole of Itatiba - SP on the adoption of environmental requirements in the PDP. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and site visits, analyzing each activity of the PDP and environmental requirements associated with them, identifying the end of testing the feasibility of improvement for the industry. The results indicate that economic factors also dictate the way businesses respond by environmental issues, is the adaption by the laws and regulations or by reducing production costs. Moreover, the absence of trained professionals in the field of sustainable development of products provides the increased difficulties in structuring the sector.

Keywords: Products development process, environmental requires, furniture industry

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Environmental sustainability in small enterprises: interactive implementation of cleaner production. Study in an automotive section company

M. S. Borges; E. Rutkowski (UNICAMP)

Abstract: The Brazilian metals sector and, mainly its automotive section, is mostly composed by small enterprises which are exposed to a competitive global demand: permanently improve their environmental quality standard. However, for such enterprises, there is still a meaningful discrepancy in participation as far as self-regulatory environmental management instruments adoption is concerned when compared, for instance, to large companies. Amongst these instruments, the cleaner production stands out as a vigorous environmental management approach based on an integrated platform with a preventive focus. Under this point of view, this study proposes to develop and to apply an interactive cleaner production implementation methodology. This methodology is built by a cleaner production implementation program, especially conceived and created for the small enterprises profile and by a set of questions and answers structurally connected to the phases and activities of such program allowing its interactive implementation as well as increasing value for the human capital, the knowledge and the language in small enterprises.  

Keywords: Environmental management, prevention, interactive methodology, human capital, cleaner production implementation program   

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Environmental Technology for Tanneries and their Adequacy for Projects of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

E. A. Ananias; S. A. Pacca (USP)

Abstract: This work identifies and describes residue treatment technologies for the tannery industry. The objective was considering each technology face to its potential to fulfill the requirements of a clean development mechanism (CDM) project. The CDM offers a source of revenues that might facilitate the adoption of environmental benign technologies by the industry, and therefore, aligns global and local benefits. Through a literature review we identified technologies that could be associated with CDM approaches and the CDM methods that already have been applied to the industry. Despite their high cost, low thermal conversion and gasification of residues are among the most promising technologies. Our next efforts consists of an emission inventory of the tanneries coupled to technical and economic feasibility studies of the most promising alternatives so that we propose a CDM road map for the sector.

Keywords: Tanneries, alternative waste treatment, clean development mechanism

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Evaluate the Quality of the Nickel Sulfate Obtained from a wastes of Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils

P. D. Finato; L. F. S. Rossi; F. J. Bassetti; P. R. C. Neto (UTFPR)

Abstract: The aim of this work is to evaluate the quality of the nickel sulfate obtained from a recovering process of nickel sulfate from wastes of hydrogenation of vegetable oils. In the sulfate, were quantified Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ni, using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). After that the nickel sulfate was submitted to purification process using active carbon. It was observed that the metals Cu and Cr presented concentrations below the allowed limit to the commercial nickel sulfate, whereas the Zn and Pb concentrations were above that limit. The Pb was removed by complexacion with EDTA followed by adsorption in active carbon, and the Zn didn’t show removal with the employed methodologies. The Ni quantification in the sulfate using AAS showed better results in 352,4 nm. The effluent in the process was analyzed and treated with active carbon, being removal 98,6 % of the Ni concentrations existing in it.

Keywords: Nickel sulfate, waste recovery, active carbon

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Evaluation of Aerobic Biodegradation from Polymers Poli(3-hidroxybutirate) and Synthetic Based on Additives by Action of Activated Sludge

F. S. M. de Souza; M. A. Henning; F. J. Bassetti (UTFPR)

Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the aerobic biodegradation of two different polymers by the action of activated sludge. This aim is reached bringing face to face a biopolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutirate), and a synthetic polymer based on additives. The present work has been conducted in two batches, employing an Activated Sludge System with extra aeration. The evaluation of biodegradation was based on polymers analysis – weight loss and scanning electron microscopy - and on microbial development - production of CO2 and substrate analysis. Based on the results it was possible to conclude that the biopolymer was completely degraded. On the other hand, the results observed with synthetic polymer based on additives do not allow qualifying it as biodegradable in tested conditions.

Keywords: Biodegradable polymers, biodegradability, activated sludge

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Evaluation of the Environmental Management System at Industry of Leather

P. C. Setter; C. Schimuneck; J. A. R. Moraes (UNISC)

Abstract: The present study of case it searched to evaluate a system of ambient management of a company of the leader sector of the city of New Hamburg, where the productive process of this company was analyzed, since the arrival of leathers and chemical products until the adjusted final destination of each residue generated in the process.  This study it was based on method GAIA considered for Leripio (2000), being that the company already adopts an ambient management in its processes, what facilitated to the analysis and interpretations of the questions for the involved staff with the research.

Keywords: Evaluation of impacts, ambient management, leather

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Evaluation of the Pollutant Removal Mechanisms of a Reed Bed System: Biochemical Parameters

A. M. Islam; T. Tudor; M. Bates (University of Northampton - UK)

Abstract: This study was aimed to evaluate the key biochemical mechanisms that occur within a reed bed system or constructed wetland during the treatment of landfill leachate. Soil respirations, dehydrogenase activities and urease activities within a horizontal subsurface flow reed bed were extensively examined to determine these mechanisms. Variations in biochemical parameters because of change in space and leachate applications were investigated. Correlations among the biochemical parameters and between biochemical parameters and pollutant removal efficiency were undertaken. No biochemical activities showed any horizontal variations across the reed bed. For both preloading and during-loading conditions, soil respirations and dehydrogenase activities did not have any vertical variations whereas urease activities at 5cm depth were significantly higher (P<0.001) than those at 50cm and 90cm depth. When during-loading conditions were compared with preloading conditions, soil respirations showed no variation at any depth, whereas significant reductions were observed at 50cm (P=0.034) for dehydrogenase activities and at 50cm (P=0.018) and 90cm (P=0.004) depths for urease activities. A modest correlations (r= 0.474, P=0.023) between soil respirations and dehydrogenase activities was observed. A strong correlation (r=0.777, P<0.001) was found between dehydrogenase activities and urease activities. No correlation existed between the biochemical parameters in the reed bed soil and the pollutant removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD) or total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Aerobic microbial activity showed equal potential for the degradation of pollutants in the wastewater which suggests the importance of creating suitable conditions for aerobic microbes within the root zone in the reed bed. Significant
reduction of total microbial activities at the middle depth suggests that it was influenced
more by heavy metals due to more exposure to leachate. The top layer reed bed soil needs to be properly utilised to maximise the reduction of nitrogenous pollutants from leachate. A biochemical activity can be utilised to predict another biochemical activity but not the removal of COD and TKN.

Keywords: Reed beds, leachate, respiration, dehydrogenase, urease

[Abstract] [Paper]

Evolution of Industrial Environmental Approaches

J. C. F. Lima, E. W. Rutkowski (UNICAMP)

Abstract: The industrial sector has began, in the 21st century, to rethink and redesign its production processes aiming to minimize natural resources depletion, to foster the use of environmental friendly materials, to research the impact related to the products throughout their life cycle, and to recognize the interdependence between environment and industrial systems in order to change from processes based on unidirectional flows of energy and materials into closedloops systems. During this period, a number of instruments were developed to fulfill the industry needs. For that reason, this study analyzes the evolution of environmental approaches in the industrial scenario in order to discuss the instruments used to achieve the environmental sustainability of business.

Keywords: Environmental approaches, corporate environmental sustainability, environmental management tools, industrial ecology

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Experience of Recycled Paper Use in Certification Exams: on the Impacts of Convincing Suppliers to Improve Environmental Management

L. R. Calado (Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität - Germany)

Abstract: Paper-Based test application is a field in which environmental sustainability has a long path to improve before reaching desirable standards, especially at the light of techniques such as the Tree Savings Formula, whereby this Organizational Experience Report show a definite example of such statement. This paper presents a case study in which the organization that runs a countrywide test was able to convince the examination manufacturers, thereby increasing the environmental efficiency of the exam at a national scale. This result provides evidence that in persuading the agent responsible for the actual production of the exam’s paper copies to use recycled paper the leading organization executive responsible for the test achieved its goal of enhanced sustainability, with several known general benefits.

Keywords: Cleaner production, recycled paper, company culture

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Factors Analysis on Promotion of Cleaner Production in Compulsory Enterprises

Dan Zhigang; Duan Ning; Yu Xiuling; Yin Jie; Bai Yanying; Song Dan-na (National Cleaner Production Center - China)

Abstract: Effects of economy, pollution press and external conditions on promotion of cleaner production (CP) in compulsory enterprises were analyzed by regression method. As results, promotion of CP in compulsory enterprises depend on economy and pollution press presently. This drives greater role of the driving forces are internal, external role to be strengthened. At present, the per capita GDP for each additional 10,000 Yuan increases compulsory enterprises audited rate by 5.9 percent, sulfur dioxide emissions per capita for each additional 10kg will lead to compulsory enterprises audited rate increased by 0.8%. In future, the main power for promotion of CP in compulsory enterprises come from improving external conditions such as relevant systems, regulatory policies, incentives and public participation.

Keywords: Compulsory enterprises, cleaner production, promotion, factors analysis

[Abstract] [Paper]

Fencing Blocks Using Recycled Rubble

R. M. Abreu; R. W. Lopes; R. Arzak, A. E. Salvi (UNIP)

Abstract: The study checks the possibility of making fencing blocks from civil construction rubble and residues, RDC, the latter in compliance with the classes established by Resolution 307 of the CONAMA, which are residues of class A, B and C. Two methods of blocks production were prepared: the first one using wooden forms in non commercial sizes and smaller scales; the second method using forms and industrial equipments which are currently in use for the production of commercial concrete blocks. The results showed the viability of making fencing blocks by recycling the rubble.

Keywords: Recycling, rubble, blocks of fence

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Financial analysis of the substitution of the electric shower for the heater under the optics of the final user

C. C. Silva (UNIP); F. R. M. Marques (BSP-Business School - SP)

Abstract: The natural gas has gained eminence as a multiple-use fuel, and one as the possibilities is its use as substitute of the electrical shower bath. This study aims to financially compare the most common domiciliary water heating systems, from the consumer’s view, it means, the instantaneous electrical heating (the electrical shower bath) and the instantaneous gas heating.

Keywords: Electrical shower bath, electrical heating, gas heating

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Firewood Consume Reduction Trough Cleaner Production: A Red Ceramic case

A. F. F. Queiroga; E. M. M. A. Nóbrega; E. P. de Almeida; L. R. Porto; T. C. B. Pereira (CEPIS-PB); C. Buser (Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz - Switzerland)

Abstract: In some companies, the consumption of firewood is the third highest production cost so that the misuse of this energetic resource may cause many economical and/or environmental losses. With this in mind, a tunnel kiln of a red ceramic manufacturer was analysed through energy and mass balance, which is one of the steps of the Cleaner Production Methodology, in order to optimize the use of this resource and reduce the environmental impacts generated by this fuel. From the assessment of the main inputs and outputs of the company – ‘green’ (unfired) bricks, fired bricks, firewood, energy and gas - it was perceived that there are some opportunities of implementation of options so that companies may achieve economical and environmental benefits such as: heat recovering of the chimney; standardization of the heat distribution in the heated zone, and an increase in the air flow from the cooling area to the firing zone.

Keywords: Tunnel kiln, firewood and heat

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Glycerol: An Innovative Energy Source From Biodiesel Production

B. R. L. Gonçalves; L. Perez; A. C. D. Ângelo (UNESP)

Abstract: The world concern on applying public policies focused mainly on environmental-friendly energy production is observed in a great deal nowadays. In this viewpoint biofuels assume an outstanding position since they present a large number of benefits and advantages when compared to the fossil ones. Among those benefits it is possible to point out the reducing emanation of gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, possibility of carry out regional, social and agricultural development and both in a sustainable way. Biodiesel is an example of biofuel that has been carried a great deal of effort to become applicable in the productive net. This fuel is obtained from biological and, consequently, renewable sources as vegetable oils and animal fat, and it presents a strong biodegradable characteristic. No less important, biodiesel produces a low amount of pollutant gases from its oxidation process and it can replace with advantages several fossil derivative compounds. Biodiesel is obtained from the transesterification reaction of distinct kind of oils that, under the action of a catalyst, chemically react with an alcohol (usually methanol or ethanol) producing esters (biodiesel) and glycerol as sub-product. Brazil has assumed a remarkable position in the world energy scenario with the biodiesel production and policy of use in its fleet oh heavy duty vehicles. As a consequence of this policy (PROBIODIESEL) is it planned for the next decades a gradual addition of the biodiesel to regular diesel (up to 20% rich biodiesel fuel in 15 years). It can be easily predicted a real problem concerning the use of the waste glycerol from this growing demand of biodiesel. As a matter of fact, for each ton of produced biodiesel it is parallelly obtained 100kg of waste glycerol that can
become an adverse result to the biodiesel economy. This paper proposes the use of waste glycerol from biodiesel production as a fuel in fuel cells. This highly promising proposal corresponds to the oxidation of this alcohol in a Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell. The reaction can potentially produce three times more energy than methanol under the same experimental conditions, with the additional advantages of non-flammability and non-volatility characteristics. In conclusion, the paper will discuss the state-of-the-art of this technology in the light of the future Brazilian bio-energy scenario.

Keywords: Biofuel, biodiesel, glycerol, fuel cell

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Improving Product's Environmental Performance by Integrating Ecodesign Methods into a Reference Model for Product Development Process

D. C. A. Pigosso; A; Guelere Filho; H. Rozenfeld (USP)

Abstract: The rising consumption of products is at the origin of most of the pollution and resources depletion that our society causes. The environmental impacts observed throughout a product lifecycle are, to a large extent, determined during its development phase. Hence, taking environmental aspects into consideration during the product development process (PDP) phase plays an essential role in reducing product  lifecycle-related environmental impacts. Ecodesign can be defined as the systematic introduction of environmental concerns into PDP throughout the application of specific methods and tools. Despite the fact that the number of available ecodesign methods and tools has been increasing in the last decade, its implementation has not reached companies worldwide mainly due to the gap between eco-oriented and product-oriented researchers.  The eco-oriented researchers fail to see PDP as a business process crucial to competitiveness, leading to partial and poor integration of ecodesign methods and tools into PDP, not generating the expected ecodesign competitive advantages. On the other hand, product-oriented researchers pay too little attention to environmental aspects, focusing generally on legal compliance and ‘end-of-pipe’ solutions due to little knowledge about ecodesign methods. This gap generates a lack of systematic use of ecodesign methods and tools in NPD leading companies to low levels of environmental performance. This paper aims at proposing a systematic approach to bridge the aforementioned gap by introducing some ecodesign methods and tools into the early phases of a reference model for NPD, which is a way to structure activities in a business process. The ecodesign methods to be integrated have been selected through literature review using a structured classification method. The reference model, used as integration baseline resulted from experiences accumulated since 1990. The expected result is a set of NPD-oriented structured activities that can successfully combine environmental and business perspectives to help companies worldwide to follow the path of sustainability by making new and “green” products successful into the market. This paper presents some preliminary results conducted by the authors.

Keywords: Product development process, reference model, ecodesign, methods

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Indicator of Environmental Development as auxiliar instrument of controlling in the program of Clean Production of the Painting Sector in a company of the wood furniture local productive arrangement

M. G. Farias (UDESC); E. Paul; C. A. Garbe (Móveis América - SC)

Abstract: This article has as objective to demonstrate the importance and the results of the process of integration of the University of the State of Santa Catarina with the business sectors and the society - in special, by means of the companies nets called “Local Productive Arrangements”, in the advances of the use of the Environmental indicators and of the cleaner production for the endorsement of the Sustainable Regional Development.

Keywords: Sustainable development, local productive arrangement, cleaner production, Furniture Sector, Environmental indicators

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Industrial Ecology as strategic tool for environmental policy-making process in Brazil

A. S. Pereira (UNICAMP); A. Vilela Jr (SENAC); E. W. Rutkowski (UNICAMP)

Abstract: Most of today’s environmental policies in Brazil rely on controlling the growth of pollution by “command and control” techniques. During the last two decades, these instruments have been designed to control sources of environmental impacts using industrial zoning, environmental licensing, and emission standards. The present structure of environmental law and policy focuses almost entirely on the activities of manufacturing companies and does not recognize strategies related to pollution prevention and/or cleaner production — such as product life cycle assessment, environmental labeling, environmental management systems, interconnectivity of production process, extended producer responsibility strategy, and environmental certification — as important instruments for auto-regulation. Recognizing that environmental policy must become more focused on “command and covenant” than “command and control”, this article attempts to provide an expanded perspective of environmental policy innovation based on a more holistic approach — Industrial Ecology — as a strategic tool for environmental policymaking process in Brazil.

Keywords: Industrial ecology, environmental policy, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper]

Industrial Ecology in the Environmental Public Policies Context

A. Vilela Junior (SENAC-SP); F. M. G. Ribeiro; A. S. Pereira (UNICAMP)

Abstract: Industrial ecology offers a number of methods and approaches which offer much potential for the environmental public policies. The adoption of a systems perspective in environmental analysis and decision making could significantly improve environmental policies effectiveness. Therefore, adjustments in the legal and organizational framework as well a deep change in the public environmental management would be necessary.

Keywords: Industrial ecology, environmental policy, environmental management

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Industrial Ecology, Production and Environment: a discussion about interconnectivity of production

A. S. Pereira;  J. C. F. Lima; E. W. Rutkowski (UNICAMP)

Abstract: Industrial Ecology (IE) initiatives are presented by isolated strategies. As a result, there is a need to understand the eco-efficiency of approaches in order to plan strategically the IE implementation and to correct potential imperfections. One of the approaches is the Industrial Symbiosis (IS). This concept is based on sinergy between different productive activities, which lead to a greater efficiency of resources uses allied with environmental and economical benefits. Contrarily to the IS concept, where all integrant are benefited locally, the Brazilian approach is based on supply/demand relations. Thus, the necessary information for this interrelation are: the logistic and the market information.

Keywords: Industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis, eco-efficiency

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Industrial Ecology: are there companies without symbiosis possibility?

V. Madeira (UNICAMP)

Abstract: Besides the majority of the definitions indicate that the geographical proximity is a key factor for Industrial Symbiosis, there are examples of synergetic relations between companies independently of their proximity. Some examples are presented in this paper allowing the conclusion that pursuing the environmental performance improvement at all activities, a company contribute in its pathway to sustainable development, independently of its geographical localization.

Keywords: Industrial Ecology, industrial symbiosis, sustainable development

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Inertialising Thermal Reactor

E. A. R. Veloso (Super Zinco)

Abstract: Brazil generates around three million tonnes of industrial residues per year, which are qualified as Class I – Dangerous and Class II – Not dangerous. Activities considered potentially pollutant can only occur after the obtaining of the environment license.  The residues can be deposited in waste disposal with ACIR – Approval Certification of Industrial Residues. The Brazilian environment legislation imposes administrative, civil and criminal responsibilities on federal, state and municipal ambits. The companies of the galvanic sector generate galvanic mud compound of heavy metals as chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, iron and others. Super Zinco is the Brazilian leader in processes of plastic galvanization with production of more than a million square decimeter per month and generates 1400 tonnes of galvanic mud per year. It adopted the use of Inertialising Thermal Reactor projected by the author of this work. It reduces the volume and inertialises the mud that becames qualified as Class II – A, resulting in an annual economy of more than three hundred ninety thousand dollars.

Keywords: Galvanic mud, heavy metal

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Infrastructure as a Key Factor for the Sustainability of Logistic Agricultural Production

I. K. Makiya; R. C. Traballi (UNIP)

Abstract: Infrastructure as a key factor for the sustainability of logistic agricultural production. Agricultural production has showed some paradoxes with their competitiveness, when you see its system of storage, distribution and logistic delivery of system as a whole. This paper has goal analyse some issues related to infrastructure of the distribution of soybeans, because logistics has represented 30% of final costs.

Keywords: Infrastructure, agricultural, logistic

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Innovation and Cleaner Production: The MONGEE SYSTEM – GREEN GASES TRACKING INFORMATION SYSTEM

M. G. Farias; T. C. D. Bueno; A. T. Nicolini;  S. P. M. Bedin (UDESC); T. P. S. Oliveira (Instituto I3G - Florianópolis-SC)

Abstract: Monitoring greenhouse gases information on the North Santa Catarina Plateau, at Brazil South Region, aims ensure the timber industry to share relevant and accurate information supporting positive environmental actions in an increasingly competitive export focused market. With this in mind, the deployment of an Information Management System based on Artificial Intelligence and Ontologies intends to support the process management of cleaner production to be implanted, assists and accelerate decision-making with regard to best practices on environmental management at the regional forestry activities. An intelligent storage and retrieval information system for cleaner production management at the timber industry will allow innovative technology results, integration the production chain through the use of a knowledge database in addition encouraging the establishment of an integrated management model for the industry focused on the uniform growth of the chain and improvement in environmental management.

Keywords: Intelligent Systems, Monitoring, Green Gases Effect, Environment, Cleaner Production.

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Instruments for environmental management in Espírito Santo do Pinhal, SP

A. A. F. da Silva; A. C. Sais; A. R. R. Bineli (Geosystec)

Abstract: From the facts and trends, the high rate of urbanization, the increasing problems of environment and the reduced capacity of the municipal government to solve these problems, take the necessity to create instruments for environmental management, which will assists the change for a sustainable society. Actions that embody the reforestation of the riparian forest, the forestation of streets and squares, the recovery of degraded areas and the environmental education are being developed to strengthen the city of Espírito Santo do Pinhal, SP, Brazil. Therefore, this paper intends to show the viability of these solutions in such away of the ambient point of view, as economic and social, and at the same time, to use activities in the scope of the Clean Development Mechanism to promote the sustainable development local.

Keywords: Environmental education, Management, Reforestation, Riparian forest, Urban forestation

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Investing in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects

R. B. Kerr; L. C. J. Perera; H. Kimura (Mackenzie); F. G. Lima (USP)

Abstract: The discussion about the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) began with the effects of global warming and its consequences. Al Gore who produced An Inconvenient Truth, which was granted the Oscar of Best Documentary in 2007, kept the flag of climate defender flying. 2005 International Energy Agency Statistics show that developed and developing countries like the United States (21.4%), Japan (4.5%), China (18.7%), Russia (5.7%) and India (4.%) are responsible for just about 55% of the global CO2 emission. Apparently, no one is discussing the need for radical measures aiming to reduce the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). Bjorn Lomborg, in his 2007 book Cool It, questions the practicality of CO2 reduction with respectable economic arguments; he recognizes the problems, but questions the way to face them and the Kyoto Protocol (KP) itself. In this context Brazil appears as a bastion with a very small contribution of just 1.2% of the global CO2 emission, especially considering its vast territorial extent. The main contribution of this research is to answer the following questions: CDM projects are profitable? What is the role of Brazil in reducing GHG emission? What is the future of the market for carbon credits after Kyoto?

Keywords: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Greenhouse Gases (GHG), Kyoto Protocol, CO2 emission, Carbon Credits (CC)

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

LCA of Public Luminaires: Proposal for Mapping Production Flow for Inventory

O. Sanchez Júnior (IPT-SP)

Abstract: Considering the efforts of the various instances of government and the productive sector to minimize the consumption of electricity for lighting and thereby budget gain, there is a generalization of procedures exclusively towards the replacement of technology from a simple analysis focused only on saving energy. However, there is a number of parameters whose analysis should compose an inventory and thereby assist the decisions of the energy concessionaires of municipality administration, and to subsidize manufacturing projects. This inventory could aid decisions with a focus on sustainability in the use of equipment for lighting and so there would be an aggregation of value and promote greater environmental responsibility within the framework of public policies apply. This paper proposes a mapping of the flow of production of luminaires for street lighting to be used as reference for the application of the Life Cycle Assessment - LCA methodology. With this methodology, the results may provide support for product development from the perspective of sustainability.

Keywords: Public luminaires LCA, street lighting production inventory

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

LEGOLEVE Blocks

R. C. Kanning; J. A. Cerri (UTFPR)

Abstract: Topics like the urban solid waste management, the housing deficit, the increasing consumption of natural resources and the waste generation in the building industry are concerning for the majority of countries. The development of LEGOLEVE project is presented as a potential solution to minimize these problems. The use of EPS (styropor) and PET bottles as components of material for constructions shows several advantages, such as: reduces of natural resources consumption (ex. sand); reduce the urban solid waste volume to be disposed; it has a low production cost, reduces the overall time for completing the project and its application can be conducted by anyone with some technical habilities. Finally, these materials do not need nesting mortar. The proposal of this work is discuss about the properties of the LEGOLEVE blocks, which is made of lightweight concrete using recycled EPS aggregate and joined by PET bottles. The development of LEGOLEVE blocks has been based on the following definitions: the amount of EPS in the light concrete, the casting mould design and the processes of casting and setting point, using in this stage cylindrical specimens. After defining the best composition (amount of EPS) and the process parameters, several blocks had been prepared and analyzed, comparing the results with values from ceramic blocks. The water absorption level and mechanical results show that LEGOLEVE blocks partially reach the values set by NBR 15270/2005, although the LEGOLEVE has no specific standard to be evaluated. Additionally, it was observed that the blocks are horizontally connected by bottles, substituting with advantages the lime-based mortar. Comparing ceramic blocks with LEGOLEVE blocks, in regards to productivity and costs of masonry, shows the following advantages of the last one: use 75% less of constructive elements, very low consume of mortar (about 100 times less) and allows executing the task in 75% less time with reduced effort of the workman.

Keywords: Lightweight concrete blocks, styropor, PET

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Management of Aspects and Environmental Impacts in the Production and Transport of Chemical Products: Study of Case

J. A. Kaercher; S. R. Allebrandt; J. A. R. Moraes; E. L. Machado (UNISC)

Abstract: This work had as objective, to evaluate and to provide an improvement in the ambient performance in a line of production of one determined organization, located the 100 km of Porto Alegre, Brazil, manufacturer and transporter of chemical products. For this method GAIA was applied, in order to evaluate the ambient management of aspects and impacts. The proposal of the method was to offer to the organization an instrument of management for the improvement of the ambient performance of the same one, since the focus of the GAIA is to develop a critical conscience in the people who compose the organization on the levels of wastefulness of substances cousins and insumos of the productive process and on the effect to the environment and the people. The method consisted of the application of a questionnaire that was the base to suggest alternative of improvements.

Keywords: Method GAIA, environment, environmental aspects, environmental impacts, continuous improvement

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Management of the Use of Vegetable Oils in Order to Restaurant Cleaner Production -

R. C. S. Schneider; E. Santos; R. A. Klamt; E. L. Machado (UNISC)

Abstract: The process of frying is an operation that provides characteristics of scent, flavor, color and texture to food. The oil can become an ingredient capable of introducing chemical changes provoked by a lingering warming. This work has the objective to develop strategies of management of the use of vegetable oils in restaurants through opportunities of PML, viewing the minimization of consumption of energy and raw materials, and the reuse of waste for the production of biofuels. In this work, it was studied the soybean oil used in frying of immersion in two restaurants, viewing to evaluate in what conditions the oil used for frying is discarded and relating these conditions with its use as raw material for the production of biodiesel. As a result,
materials with different degrees of oxidation and contaminant material were obtained, and it was identified that the oil that was discarded after being used for too long can be inadequate for feeding animals, and for this reason they are collected in restaurants of the region, and they demand more care for the production of biodiesel. From the monitoring of production activities of the restaurants, stages in the preparation of food with higher consumption of raw materials and generation of waste were identified, and based on approaches of a cleaner Production it was developed a prognosis to minimize environmental impacts.

Keywords: Biodiesel; frying oil, PML, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Managing I/O material flows in industrial processes – A key step towards sustainable production

P. J. Partidário; J. M. Figueiredo (INETI - Lisbon-Portugal)

Abstract: Industrial wastes consist of unused resources in the production process, which create costs and no added value. Measuring input-output material flows at a company level is therefore crucial for waste prevention, which is a key path towards higher resources productivity. Waste prevention strategies focus in particular on reducing or eliminating undesired waste streams, and managing by-products within the production process, rather than treatment and disposal approaches. In the long run, prevention strategies are more cost-effective and environmentally sound than conventional pollution control approaches. Waste prevention strategies apply to any manufacturing process and range from relatively easy operational changes and good housekeeping practices to more extensive changes such as replacing input materials, fine tuning or replacing equipment, or even making use of state-of-art technology.  This paper provides insights on the development and testing of a toolbox for the inventory and management of waste flows looking forward to implementing a ‘zero waste’ strategy. Twelve case studies selected within seven Portuguese industrial branches were explored. The toolbox included an activity based costing methodology, as well as detailed process mapping and material balances used at company level to measure resource flows and undesired waste streams, and thus to fix optimisation targets by integrating waste prevention into business strategies. In each company, empirical results showed: a) The usefulness of the approach; b) how powerful waste prevention is providing strategic inputs for decision taking (a hierarchy built on a economic and environmental basis); c) how critical operating conditions are, and therein both branch or company’s culture, in order to influence the implementation of waste prevention initiatives. Main conclusions drawn from those case studies enable to propose both: a) at a micro level, new options for strategic improvement; b) at a macro level, hypotheses about how public policies may address waste prevention and about the diffusion of eco-efficiency in those industrial branches in order to pave the way towards sustainable production.

Keywords: Manufacturing, strategy, performance-measure(s), methodology, innovation

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Matter study case: the present situation of recycle selective of sorocaba city and study for partners between zone factories to more cleaning production

M. Carvalho; M. Lopes; G. Simões (UNIP)

Abstract: The organizations need the maximization of their profits and life time. The consciences that the factory is involved in big environment, in the biosphere, it is almost none, such as the moment, in any time, the changes cause though its activities, in biosphere, influenced in results. The most of parts of bibliography, materials logistics, will be treat with some perspective of supply efficiency and the collaborative relation with some factories of productive chain, so this subject was mapped exhaustively in the Supply Chain Management. Increasing the studies in the materials production area and power consumption, we enter in the universe of Cleaning Production. This task has been main goals analyze in Sorocaba environment that is state of recycle´s selective collective. The second goal is to start a macro exploratory study with some industries residues discard in the main productive chains for futures studies and give some solutions that take advantage for everyone. Involving the Executive, the factories and the organized society. The principal results prove in the big progress of recycling with City Hall supports, in the recycling cooperatives. For that some
industries residues should be start serious study, because some residues could be reutilized how prime substance for others industries. So if you have in a detail studies could be contribute for improving the process and eco-design.

Keywords: Management environmental, recycling, clearing production

[Abstract] [Organizational Report in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Minimization of Foundry Sand Generation Using Tools From the Cleaner Production Program

C. B. Maciel (Tecnoambi); C. A. M. Moraes (UNISINOS); C. E. Teixeira (UCS); I. A. Schneider (UFRGS)

Abstract: The metal casting process generates several kinds of solid wastes, where the used foundry sand is the main one and most of it is generated during the check out of the solid metallic parts from the molds. The increase of the solid waste deposition costs, the creation of specific environmental legislation, and the low environmental performance of end of pipe technologies have brought efforts in the development of more effective solutions. The waste minimization means to change paradigms, because it constitutes a new concept of environmental management based on the principle of prevention of pollutant generation, and the reduction of the solid waste amounts being treated or disposed. Based on the cleaner production methodology tools, the present work evaluated the process of metal casting focusing in the minimization of the solid waste used sand generation from the Foundry Company Metalcorte Metalurgia Ltda, suggesting minimization opportunities for this waste. It was also considered some environmental, technical and economical aspects, which are important to choose the best opportunities to be implemented. The suggested opportunities have several levels of complexity. Some of them may be implemented immediately, while others require research development to become viable considering technical, economical and environmental aspects, depending on the type of opportunity, such as regeneration of used molding sand, reutilization processes, and the substitution of materials, which generate toxic gases. The implementation times are variable and an implementation chronogram can be elaborated, focusing those ones which can be implemented in a short and medium term. On the other hand, the long term alternatives need more profoundly studies. It must be emphasized that from the 19 opportunities studied in this research, 9 are low cost opportunities and can be easily implemented by the company in a short term. The foundry sand waste presents a good potentiality of minimization accordingly the extensive list of opportunities which were identified. At the same time, considering the complexity of metal casting processing and also the methodology developed by UNIDO-CNTL, the implementation of a cleaner production program in this kind of company needs investigation like the one presented here to stimulate the company managers for applying efforts to waste generation prevention, using effective and viable tools to search the sustainable development in this industrial sector.

Keywords: Metal casting, used sand, minimization, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Model of analysis of Performance of Healthcare Waste (HW) Management by indicators, São Carlos-SP, Brazil

K. S. Ventura; L. F. R. Reis (USP - São Carlos-SP); Angela M. M. Takayanagui (USP - Ribeirão Preto-SP)

Abstract: Healthcare Waste (HW) management in Brazil has been discussed since last years, mainly by RDC 306/2004 and Resolution Conama 358/2005, which laws require improvements in all stages of this management (segregation, internal collection and packaging, external transport and storage ), and give the responsibility of these wastes to theirs generators. The city of São Carlos produce, monthly, about 20 tonnes of HW and, approximately, 50% come from Santa Casa of São Carlos. The management of the realized procedures in this hospital was never evaluated until now considering performance improvement. Investigated methods pointed to some applications using performance indicators and these can be evaluated by Factorial Analyses (FA) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A framework of interview was elaborated containing 29 qualitative observation variables, which questions were applied to 98 employers in this hospital. The obtained information were associated a different scales of response, according suggestions of Saaty. The SAS and Statistica programs were used to generate several simulations by FA, which results (performance indicators) were analyzed by experts. AHP method was used to compare the indicators to both groups (workers and experts). This paper illustrated the application of two different methods as analyze model to identify satisfactory performance indicators to evaluate HW management in the health establishment.

Keywords: Performance indicators, healthcare waste, factorial analyses, AHP method, waste management

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Modelling of a DR Shaft Operated with Pure Hydrogen Using a Physical-Chemical and CFD Approach

A. R. Costa (Institut Jean Lamour - Nancy, France); D. Wagner (Arcelor Mittal - Metz, France); F. Patisson (Institut Jean Lamour - Nancy, France)

Abstract: In an effort to develop breakthrough technologies which enable drastic reduction in CO2 emissions from steel industry (ULCOS project), the reduction of iron ore by pure hydrogen in a Direct Reduction shaft furnace was investigated. After experimental and modelling studies, a 2D, axisymmetrical steady-state model called REDUCTOR was developed to simulate a countercurrent moving bed reactor in which hematite pellets are reduced by pure hydrogen. This model is based on the numerical solution, by finite volume method, of the governing equations, including continuity and local mass, energy and momentum balances of the gas and solid species. A single-pellet sub-model was included in the furnace model to simulate the successive reactions (Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe) involved in the process, using the concept of additive reaction times. The different steps of mass transport and possible iron sintering at the grain scale were accounted for. The kinetic parameters were derived from reduction experiments carried out in a thermobalance furnace, at different conditions, using small Fe2O3 cubes shaped from industrial pellets. The results were extrapolated to full-size pellets taking into account the size and shape effects. Solid characterizations (SEM, X-Ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectrometry, pycnometry and mercury porosimetry) were also carried out to further understand the microstrutural evolution. The current version of REDUCTOR is suited to the reduction with pure hydrogen, but an extension of the model to CO is planned so that it will also be adapted to the simulation and optimisation of the current DR processes. First results have shown that the use of hydrogen accelerates the reduction in comparison to CO reaction, making it possible to design a hydrogen-operated shaft reactor quite smaller than current MIDREX and HYL.

Keywords: Direct reduction, hydrogen, shaft furnace, kinetics, mathematical model

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Modification of the Sour Cassava Starch Production Process to Improve Organic Acids in the Wastewater

V. Reginatto; D. Kurtz; M. J. A. Marcon; J. J. M. Xavier; V. M. Scussel; E. R. Amante (UFSC)

Abstract: Sour cassava starch is a very typical Brazilian product used as raw material in bakery products. It is produced by a natural submerse fermentation, with about 20 cm of superficial water, during a period of 45 – 60 days. However its manufacture produces the fermentation wastewater with high organic matter content which is normally discharge in the environment. The chemical composition of this wastewater is not very well known. However, many compounds present in this wastewater could be commercially interesting. In this way could be cited the organic acids formed during the fermentative process. Lactic, acetic and propionic acids have been used in many kinds of industrial activities, mainly in the food and veterinary industries. In the present work, 0.5 % (w/v) of glucose syrup and different concentration of nitrogen, as ammonium chloride, was added in the cassava starch fermentation water. It was observed the effect of such nutrient supplementation on the organic acids production and on the characteristics of the final product, the sour cassava starch. The concentrations of ammonium chloride tested in the fermentation water were: 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 % (w/v). The process was monitored during 45 days. In the fermentation water were periodically evaluated the pH, the acidity and the organic acids concentration (acetic, lactic and propionic) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was verified that the nutritional supplementation, promote an increase on the organic acid concentration, mainly on the propionic one. The better results were obtained by the addition of 0.1% (w/v) of ammonium chloride, increasing about 50% in the organic acids content. On this condition the sour cassava starch maintained its expansion property. This work reveals that the enriched sour cassava starch wastewater could be used as organic acids source.

Keywords: Sour cassava starch, fermentation water, organic acids

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

New paint without the use of Coal Tar

C. Solera; C. Gnecco; D. L. S. Brunelli (Sherwin-Willians)

Abstract: Due to the Sherwin-Williams concern about the environmental impact and reduction of the hazards in all the supply chain, Sherwin-Williams has developed low toxicity coatings, EPOXY TAR FREE. This painting was developed and introduced in the market with the intention of substitution of EPOXY TAR BASE coatings, which exhibit high inherent toxicity, due to the PITCH, the main raw material of these types of paints. This work has as objective, to demonstrate through comparative tests among TAR base coatings, traditionally used versus the new product TAR Free, some laboratory tests and
economical study to show the efficiency of the new product.

Keywords: Tar Free, epoxy coatings, clean production

[Abstract] [Organizational Report] [Presentation in Portuguese]

New Weld Fume Chamber Design to Assess HAP Emissions Potential and Promote Cleaner Production

B. Kura; J. Jackens; J. Keay (University of New Orleans)

Abstract: Metal welding is an important production process in many industry sectors including automotive, aerospace, oil and gas exploration/refining/transportation, heavy manufacturing, and maritime. Though welding emissions are insignificant based on a mass basis within the maritime industry, their contribution to the overall risk to human health and the environment is significant because of the high toxicity associated with heavy metals emitted. These heavy metals include Cr, Cr+6, Mn, Ni, Pb and others which may pose carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects to exposed workers and the public. United States regulatory agencies including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), have recently increased pressure on the industrial sector to reduce their annual emissions of these heavy metals. This recent concern from the regulatory commumity has led to increased research efforts to better quantify the actual amount of these metals emitted, and to develop a better understanding of their potential to cause adverse effects to public health and the environment. Welding emission characteristics and quantities depend on a number of factors such as electrode and base metal composition, welding method, shielding gas characteristics and power supply characteristics. When considering the various combinations of these factors, thousands of welding scenarios are expected in the field, each of which presents a unique emissions scenario. Emission factors for the numerous welding scenarios are not available, and will require an extensive amount of research to develop and document. However, these emission factors are essential for several purposes including facility permitting, risk assessment, compliance demonstration, and to achieve cleaner production. This paper documents the unique challenges faced by the authors to design and fabricate a weld fume chamber capable of captuing 100 % of weld fumes on filter media suitable for heavy metals analysis. The weld fume chamber had to meet the requirements of regulatory agencies, data quality objectives, approved analytical methods, and filter efficiency. Design parameters such as chamber size, blower capacity, experimental speed, filter size and type, and fume loading, along with their inter-relationships will be discussed. This paper provides valuable insight into welding emission evaluation methodology, which should be useful across many sectors.

Keywords: Welding emissions, heavy metals, health risks, fume chamber design, emission factors

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Obstacles for Brazil’s Consolidation in Cleaner and Renewable Energy Production

G. A. Santini; L. B. Pinto (UNESP - Tupã-SP)

Abstract: The discussions concerning the use of natural resources (the ways they are explored and their possibility of being lack) have intensified. Considering it from a historical view, several meetings have been conducted worldwide and were important to consolidate the notions related to Sustainable Development and Cleaner Production. In the first case (Sustainable Development), the concept was affirmed in the 1970s and 1980s, with the concern that the present development would not jeopardize the future generations development. Also to complement this idea, the Cleaner Production notion starts to rise in the following decades trying to improve the country’s efficiency in productive aspects, mainly in the use of raw material, water and energy, aiming the generation of economic and environmental benefits in the production process. From this context emerges the growing need for countries to produce technologies which would bring (not only) the economic benefits of production (which was the main concern then), but the social and environmental aspects as well, showing the concern with sustainable development of future social structures. In Brazil, especially, the alignment with this new development paradigm has been applied in energy production. The sugar / alcohol sector, by producing and processing the sugar cane, contributes to the clean and sustainable production of technologies: ethanol (as fuel) and the energy from biomass – using the sugar cane bagasse. The advantages of the use of ethanol compared to other energy use (fossil and from other vegetable crops) are mainly economic and environmental ones, besides providing a greater energy balance. Another favorable aspect in using the sugar cane bagasse to produce energy is the fact that Brazil has great natural richness, topography and favorable physical features to agriculture, which would reduce the exploration of scarce hydric and fossil resources. However, it is necessary to underline the obstacles that make the sustainable production difficult. Thus, this article aims to discuss the problems, which are found inside and outside the country and which makes the country consolidation difficult as an important world producer of clean energy, as well as the strengthening of these productive activities. As for the ethanol, there are some politic-economic, environmental and social problems that must be solved, like the protectionist measures established by importers; the effective reduction of polluting gases by adopting more efficient productive processes; working conditions and wages for the sugar cane activity. As for producing electricity from sugar cane, there are some legal obstacles related to the regulation of the sector. Thus, some efforts are necessary to make this consolidation possible, by adopting public policies that ensure the investments made so far, considering the local and global markets; better organization management; the definition of areas used in sugar cane exploration, etc. Surely, sugar cane activity is a promising business, though promoting a sector development by damaging the development of others, might be a mistake.

Keywords: Sustentability, renewable, sugar cane, ethanol, energy

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Organic Food Consumers in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia

S. D. P. Trevizan (UESC); A. D. Casemiro (UESB)

Abstract: Knowledge of consumers about organic food, their willingness for organic food consumption and criteria they use to buy it are analyzed. A sample of 207 people were interviewed, between 17 and 79 years old, going to do purchase at two largest super-marked in the city of Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. This research confirms that women are more influential than men on food purchasing, therefore, on organic food consumption too. However, our findings diverge from other researches that show concentration of organic food consumption among more mature people, specifically around the 40s. Our findings also show that relationship between schooling and income with organic food consumption is much more complex than previous research have shown. No association between participation on any environmental movement and consumption of organic food was registered here. Data confirms other findings showing that, in Brazil, most consumers read labels of merchandises, before purchasing. Once again, data show that consumers associate organic food with health and feeding security, in the first place; environment and other aspects come after. Finally, findings show that, in terms of organic food consumption, consumers pay attention professionals of the area, such as nutritionists, in the first place, followed by physicians, professors and environmentalists.

Keywords: Organic food, consumers' knowledge, consumption willingness, decision criteria, sustainable community

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Organic Food: Challenges for a Public Domain of a Concept

A. D. Casemiro (UESB); S. D. P. Trevizan (UESC)

Abstract: In order to be sustainable, any productive process should follow economic, social and environmental demands. Regarding to environmental demand, the focus of this paper, organic food production represents a clean production model that needs to be supported by consumers in order to become viable. Consumers` knowledge in respect to organics products is an unquestionable factor in the process of buying decision taking. This paper aims consumers` perception analysis of organic food and associations they do with such kind of food, how information reaches real and potential consumers, which communication channels enter for mind perception making. Field research data were collected by questionnaire application to 204 consumers doing shopping at two most important supermarkets of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. Findings show that consumers know objectively defining what organic food is. They get information through mass media communication, such as TV, but there is a growing access to other information channels like magazines, schools, friends, internet and others. They associate organic food consumption, first of all, to health and, secondly, to environmental preservation. But a series of aspects, defined by law, which characterize organic products, are still unknown by consumers of those products.

Keywords: Organic products, clean production, knowledge, consumers, communication means

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Organizational Experience Report on the Industry Butzke

M. Otte (FURB)

Abstract: This report refers to the interventions on the cleaner production proceeded on the industry Butzke that produces certified wood furniture. The company needed to decrease their products cost and make the process more sustainable, during the intervention another problem would come up: due to Us dollar currency fall, the sales had reduced considerably on the furnishing market, and that was the key point to enhance more efficient upgrades that could lower the costs and raise the sales. The problems identified focus in two fronts: design and production line. The main enhancements proceeded on the production line were: layout remolding, the produced parts started to go through a logical and sequential path, residual exhaustion and drainage systems were installed; which resulted on a 15% productivity raise. Along were studied the destination of all residues produced by the company like, sandpapers, tows, sawdust and firewood. After the intervention 100% of these residues started to be sold generating extra profits. Regarding the design, new product lines were designed to utilize the bigger wood retails and the old models gone through a re-design process that, besides making them more contemporaneous, contributed to the best usage of the raw material with smaller wood gauges and incorporated the use of retails on your drawings. This changes resulted in a 76,85% reduction on the retails generated on the furniture production and decreased in 93,37% the quantity of retails in stock that the company had. Enhancements procedures on the production had decreased the costs and in addiction to the new designs, aggregated value to the products, making it more competitive and sustainable. To inform and guarantee even more the efficiency of the process, the company started to invest on environmental education for their workers. It’s important to say that all interventions were extremely simple and had a relatively low cost, what doesn’t means inefficiency, proved by the raise on productivity, sales and re-hiring of employees after the US dollar crisis that keeps with market currencies low, there was even another favoring point, the conscience of sustainability that already existed inside the company and the fact that the products do not use water in its producing process.  The intervention may serve as reference to this important productive sector from Brazil that has 14.400 companies that generates 227.600 direct jobs. Its important to detach that still exists a prejudice that this interventions which change the process to make them more efficient and cleaner have high costs, are complicated and take too long to give a return to the company. This report relates an example of how the enhancements can be simple, low-cost, but efficient, resulting in profits to the company and benefits to the community and environment.

Keywords: Design, sustainability, cleaner production

[Abstract] [Organizational Report in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Performance Assessment of a UASB Reactor of an Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant

B. I. Silveira; M. S. Penafort; C. D. L. Alves (UFPA)

Abstract: Wastewaters of beverage industries are rich in carbohydrates, easily biodegradable, and with low suspended solids content. A UASB reactor, characterized by flocculated, compact and decantable granules of methanogenic sludge, has high degradation rate, and is adequate to treat effluents with these characteristics. This work was developed with the main objective of evaluating a UASB reactor performance used as part of an industrial wastewater treatment plant of a beverage industry of medium size. The reactor was monitored by a period of sixty nine days, being evaluated the physiochemical properties of the influent and effluent and the results were expressed as efficiency of the reactor in the COD removal. The results showed that COD in the inlet of the reactor varied between 700 and 2450 mg/L, with an average value of 1520 mg/L and in the exit varied between 12 and 115 mg/L, with an average value of 66 mg/L. The oscillations in the inlet were due to the changes of the organic load of the influent and in the exit it was a function of the reactor efficiency. The pH was evaluated in five point of the reactor content and the averages of these values varied from 6.4 to 6.9, within the range that the methanogenic bacterias have good performance, between 6.0 and 8.0. The temperature within the reactor varied from 28 ºC to 31 ºC, with an average value equal to 30.4 ºC. These data evidenced that the UASB reactor operated in the mesophlic range, between 25 and 40 ºC, and close to the range that is observed the best results of the COD removal efficiency, from 28 ºC to 34 ºC. The values of the COD removal efficiency varied from 90.8 to 98.9%, with an average value of 95.5%. From these results it can be concluded that the pH and temperature stability of the reactor content was decisive in the maintenance of the high efficiency in the COD removal of the system, and that the UASB reactor performance during the monitored period was highly satisfactory in terms of sustainability of an anaerobic treatment system.

Keywords: Wastewater, efficiency, UASB, COD, anaerobic treatment

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Perspectives of the Treatment of Swines Manures Using Bio Digestion in Carbon Market

F. M. R. Marques (BSP-Business School - SP); V. Parente; C. C. Silva (USP)

Abstract: The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects foreseen in the Kioto Protocol constitutes an interesting way of protecting the planet environment and at the same time promoting the sustainable economic development in emerging economic countries. Among the possible CDM projects, the treatment of swines manures using bio digestion is seen as an opportunity for Brazil to participate actively in the carbon market. Today Brazil is the third worldwide producer of swines with 36 million animals. The present study aims to show that the treatment of swine manure using bio digestion, besides minimizing the environment impact, may contribute to eliminate the emission in the atmosphere of around 19 millions of tons of equivalent carbon dioxide per year, generating around US$ 78 annual millions in carbon credits for Brazil.

Keywords: Swine culture, carbon market, greenhouse, biodigestion, CDM

[Abstract] [Paper in portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Physical-chemical characterization of residues from plum (Prunus salicina) orchards

R. Podestá; M. A. Vieira; C. M. Pagliosa (UFSC); K. N. Simas (UNIP); M. Maraschine (UFSC)

Abstract: Thinning fruits are considered as a residue from plum fruit orchards. Until the crop the culture goes by several common processes in the horticulture, belonging one to them the practice of the thinning that is characterized by the retreat of the fruits still green, 45 days after the to budding totaling in 80 to 90% of the fruits of the plant, could represent 5 thousand tons of residue approximately for harvest, these are discarded in idle areas of the property without defined use. Valorization from this residue, on clean technology concept, needs a profound knowledge of its chemical composition. The aim of this work was characterize the chemical-physical property of the thinning fruits (Prunus salicina cv. Harry Pickstone), to study its possible application as minerals, organic acids and natural antioxidants sources. Mineral composition of this residue shown the manganese as the principal element, of the sequence: Mn > Na > K > Zn > Fe > Cu > Mg > Ca. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic assay detected: gallic, caffeic, protocatechuic, syringic, p-coumaric, vanilic and chlorogenic acids on phenolic fraction. Result suggests the use of this thinning fruits as potential raw material of antioxidant compounds.

Keywords: Orchards, waste, physical-chemical characterization

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Plasma Processes as a Cleaner Alternative for Cleaning, Corrosion Resistance, and Functionalization of Metallic Surfaces

T. García; E. Nascimento; E. Bittencourt (UNICAMP)

Abstract: The development of clean and efficient high vacuum technologies to replace traditional methods for metallic or polymeric surfaces treatments to clean, deposit thin films, and functionalize surfaces, constitutes a very important area of research. The increasing concern regarding the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable technologies consists in an important objective in the modern world. In this context, cold plasma technology represents an efficient alternative, which has been object of increasing attention. In this work we evaluate the effect of plasma treatments on the removal of oil from aluminum surfaces. Furthermore, processes of deposition, and fine film activation, were studied on the surface previously cleaned. After a first plasma application to clean the oil contaminated aluminum surface, a thin film of HMDSO was deposited to achieve corrosion protection, and finally the deposited film was functionalized to obtain a surface with a higher energy , to favor adhesion to different polymers. The evaluation of the cleanness efficiency was conducted by means of the contact angle, and XPS. The nature of deposited and functionalized film was investigated using Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), angle of contact, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. A very significant reduction in the carbon content of the surfaces, was abserced . An increase in the surface energy of 95,48 mN/m was obtained . Cleaning, corrosion protection and functionalization utilizing high vacuum technology can completely substitute wet processes associated with undesirable high environmental impact. In the presentation other works developed by the research groups will be discussed

Keywords: Plasma, cleaning, surface modification, hexamethyldisiloxane

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Political Economy of Sustainability: Payments for Ecosystem Services (PSA) on the Upper Stretches of Rio Tibagi, Paraná, Brazil

I. D. Zapparoli, F. V. D. Zapparoli, S. S. da Silva, L. S. Reichel (UEL)

Pollution Prevention in an Auto Assembly Plant in Hermosillo, Mexico

J. Esquer; N. Elenes; A. Zavala (UNISON, Mexico)

Abstract: The automotive industry is one of the main contributors to different types of pollutants. For instance, waste from plastics, aluminum, cooper, rags, sandpapers, solvents and paints can be generated. In particular, automotive painting processes generates, among other issues, VOC emissions as paint solvents. Automotive painting and coating products are formulated by using resins, pigments, volatile organic solvents, and chemical additives. Unfortunately, the automotive coatings process ranks at the top of the emission volume hierarchy. For this reason, knowing the pollution sources and their characteristics in this sector is important for a proper prevention. Several initiatives have been developed worldwide to promote occupational health and safety, and environmental protection through regulations, code of practices, and guidelines for prevention. The purpose of this paper is to show relevant results about a case study conducted into a painting process within an automotive assembly facility in a northern city of Mexico, Hermosillo. This study includes a pollution prevention analysis for such process, based in the US EPA guide to pollution prevention. In addition, a literary analysis on preventive practices at regional and global levels on the subject has been conducted. The analysis within the painting process focuses mainly in the “Primer” phase which consists of several steps starting with the sanding area and finishing in the manual zone area where paint is applied in areas where robots did not apply it. Some of the wastes from this process are remaining of sandpaper, contaminated rags, and paint and solvent residuals. Particularly, the later represents a critical issue for environmental and occupational health. As a result, one of the main conclusions of the study is that the lack of control of the process is one of the main sources for solvent wastes. This can be improved by controlling application parameters and process variables.

Keywords: Automotive industry, pollution prevention, painting process

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Practice and Procedures in Agroecology

M. R. F. A, Leitão; E. S. Silva (UFRPE)

Abstract: All the data for this article have been collected and organized during the specialization course in Rural Family Agriculture and Education offered by 19 Universities in Brazil. In this course, the student Edvânia de Souza Silva wrote, under my supervision, the thesis 'Formation for the Transition of Conventional Agriculture to Agroecologic Agriculture: The case of the diffusing family of Pajeú Mirim-Tabira/PE. Our research environment is the community of Pajeú Mirim, located 18 km away from its main city of Tabira. From the gathered data and debates developed there, we produced this article in order to raise thoughts about the speeches and practices built through our research process. Our main proposal is to contribute to the formation of a new professional in the family agriculture scenario in the countryside of the Pernambuco State.Thus, we gave priority to the learning experience of techniques, methodologies and acquaintance among the 'true authors' of this history - the agriculturists - in a way to develop actions together, therefore contributing to the formation and understanding of the current transition from a conventional agriculture to a process based on agroecology.To achieve that, we focused on the use of different alternatives to help in the production system recovery, managing plagues and diseases with natural defenses, rational use of water through an irrigation system by micron-aspersion and dripping. Our main research question relates to the agriculture scenario in the countryside that involves less diversification and lack of hydric infrastructure. In areas for agricultural production, families who own lands nearby the dam of 'Brotas' and the Pajeú river, plant fruits and vegetables using agrochemicals. In such manner, the debate on economical and environmental sustainability raises questions about changing the current planting culture to an agrochemical-free environment. Our methodology was based on the community needs and demands, considering the importance of theoretical approach for the farmers.Hence, the following activities were carried through:- Mobilization within community reunions, for a better interaction between agriculturists and researchers so they could preview and understand their own problems and demands;- Informal interviews with people from the community; - Trainings related to the negative impact of agrochemicals usage;- Trainings related to agroecologic alternatives as a preparation for the natural defenses in the handling of plagues and diseases;- Experience and knowledge exchange between agriculturists and researchers. Our research sample consisted of three families with a certain level of awareness, following these criteria: to have access to their own water in their properties, which is an important requirement for proper production. That was possible because the families are located near the Pajeú river.

Keywords: Agroecologic, economical and environmental sustainability, natural defenses, rural Family agriculture and education

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Principles Of Thermoelectric In Small Properties

L. L. Silva; M. S. Alves; V. C. Silva; A. L. Rocha (IFAL - AL)

Abstract: Among the various types of renewable energy, biomass stands out as chemical energy with high energy density and ease of storage and transport conversion. The residues forming the biomass are from the anaerobic biological degradation of organic matter, and consist of a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, where these materials are submitted by biomass reactor combustion for the production of biogas. The reactorr is a device designed to contain biomass and its product: the biogas. There are several types, are generally composed of two parts: a tank to house and allow the digestion of biomass, and gas tank to store the biogas. Biogas is a mixture of methane, 65% of the volume, and other gases in smaller quantities that represent the remaining 35%. By comparison, one cubic meter of biogas is equivalent to: 0,613 liters of gasoline, 0,553 liters of diesel, 0,454 liters of gas for cooking, 1,536 kilos of firewood, 0,790 liters of hydrated alcohol, 1428 w of power. Creativity allows multiplication of the use of biogas in an agricultural property, just for this, that the scale producers the ability to generate its bioreactor. Therefore, it can becomes a factor of real energy independence. The experimental part of this work is the production of biogas through the cattle, taking the first good results, however, with still some adjustments to achieve the main objective is the production of electricity through the gas. This gas is used as fuel for a stove that burns after heating the water thereby generating a certain pressure, the steam will be led by a simulated turbine that is connected to the generator thereby producing enough energy to meet the consumption and especially with the use of energy sources available, which provides clean and environmentally sound solutions for energy generation and low financial cost.

Keywords: Biomass, bioreactor, biogas and generate electric

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Product Ecodesign model based on Life Cycle Assessment

J. Staniskis; V. Varzinskas (Kaunas University of Technology - Lithuania)

Abstract: Product life cycle thinking is essential in the path to sustainability by expanding the focus on the production site to the whole product life cycle facilitates the links between the economic and environmental dimensions within a company. Life cycle thinking is about widening views and expands the traditional focus on manufacturing processes to incorporate various aspects associated with a product over its entire life cycle. Implementation of environmental requirements into product development is important both from an environmental and business perspective. The most directly achieved benefit is the reduction of environmental impacts from increased levels of consumption, in other words the mitigation of causes of environmental problems both at global and local level. Ecodesign (also design for the environment, life cycle design, environmentally-conscious design) is the systematic methodology that incorporates environmental considerations into the design process of products. At the heart of eco-design is the concept of the product life cycle. Product life cycle starts with resources taken from nature, goes on to the production of materials and manufacturing processes, packaging and transport, the use and maintenance of a product and finally concludes at the end-of-life stage. The term life cycle thinking refers to the integrated approach that has to be applied with the aim of designing more environmentally compatible products. The investigation studies of applying Eco-design model in Lithuanian industry have been done in the framework few international projects, academic and scientific research. The main objectives of the study were to make analysis of eco-design situation in Lithuania, to create dynamic model for systematic use of different tools for the environmental product development and to apply this model in the process of creation of new products in Lithuanian industry.

Keywords: Life cycle, ecodesign, product development, environmental performance

[Abstract] [Paper]

Production Of Biofuels From Cassava Starch Producing Wastewater

F. Lamaison; V. Reginatto; E. R. Amante; R. V. Antônio (UFSC)

Abstract: Greenhouse gases and global warming are current problems caused by the high fossil fuels demand. In this context it is important to search for alternatives energy sources. Biofuels, as methane and hydrogen can be produced from organic wastes or wastewater rich in carbohydrates. In the present work it was studied the possibility to use the cassava processing wastewater, named manipueira, for fermentative biofuels production. An anaerobic bioreactor with 2 liters volume was used applying an organic loading of 2997.5 mg/L.d of COD. The performance of the bioreactor was monitored daily by the determination of COD, acidity and pH in the manipueira and in the bioreactor effluent. It was observed a COD consumption of about 22%. The average of the total biogas volume produced daily was 469 mL. The theoretical composition of this biogas was calculated as 35.93 and 64.07% of methane and hydrogen, respectively. Such values were very similar to the experimental ones, 37.67% of methane and 62.32% of hydrogen. This work showed the possibility to use cassava processing wastewater, a high concentrated organic pollutant, as substract for production of hydrogen, a very energetic and clean biofuel.

Keywords: Wastewater, manipueira, fermentation, biofuels

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Promoting Cleaner Production through Innovative University Research Methods

B. Kura (University of New Orleans)

Abstract: Using private and government funding, researchers at the University of New Orleans (UNO) designed and built an Emissions Test Facility (ETF) under their clean technologies initiative which is being used to train graduate and undergraduate students. The role of Emissions Test Facility (ETF) is very important in developing clean/environmentally-friendly technologies. The ETF at UNO is scalable to the needs of the processes to be optimized and allows monitoring of process parameters and the quantity/characteristics of waste streams. This ETF also contains a two stage air pollution control system to prevent contamination of the site being used for the research. An exhaust fan with flow controller is equipped to study the emission variations under variable ventilation conditions. Exhaust rates can also be related to wind speeds in case of processes performed in open-air conditions. UNO’s ETF has been successfully used to optimize dry abrasive blasting process commonly used to remove paint, rust and other surface contaminants before new paint application of metallic surfaces. Blast pressure, abrasive feed rate, type of abrasive, level and type of contamination, and many other process conditions influence (1) energy consumption, (2) material consumption, (3) productivity (how fast the surface is cleaned), (4) used-abrasive generation, and (5) quantities and characteristics of air emissions. By simulating the process within the ETF, various process, performance, and environmental (waste potential) parameters were measured. Thus ETF was helpful in understanding the inter-relationships among process parameters, types of abrasives, and emission potential which helped in developing predictive mathematical models. These models now can predict (1) productivity, (2) material/energy consumption, (3) air emissions, (4) used-abrasive generation rates, and (5) life cycle costs. ETF is being used to simulate and optimize other industrial processes to increase understanding of inter-relationships and develop predictive and decision-support tools. This research setup and approach greatly supports the concepts of green engineering, design for the environment, clean/environmentally-friendly technologies, environmentally-preferred material selection, life cycle cost reduction, pollution prevention, health risk reduction, and overall improvement of quality of life. This paper presents some salient features of the research approach, recent experiences, and outcomes.

Keywords: Abrasive blasting, particulate emission factors, emissions modeling, waste from abrasive blasting, abrasive ranking

[Abstract] [Paper] [Presentation]

Proposal for a construction system based on sustainable use of sawmill waste

E. Grinover (Grinover Associados); Y. Ogura (UNIP); C. S. Carvalho (Universidad Alberto Hurtado - Chile); C. Moliterno; A. R. P. L. Albuquerque (UNIP)

Abstract: We present a proposal for a system of sustainable construction that allows maintaining the life under the natural world. The proposed system uses wood from "profit", that means, waste from outside the standard commercial. These wastes are usually burned in the open fire perennial causing release of large quantities of CO2, the main greenhouse gas effect. In this system the recovery is pasted to form the parts of the building (walls, ceilings, tiles, etc.) allowing a pre-molded construction site in the works clean and boost the economy in the world for this technology is the strong commitment it has environmental preservation coupled with technological development.

Keywords: Wood use, greenhouse gases, system constructive development, environmental preservation, forest management

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Proposal for Integration of Sustainability in the Process of Rational Planning

L. C. Silva; O. L. G. Quelhas (UFF)

Abstract: Since the presentation of Sustainable Development concept by United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, many initiatives to reach the sustainability can be found in the literature. This article originates from the literature review of sustainability and planning theory and propose a simple structure, which applies the concepts of sustainability within the steps of a process of rational planning to move towards sustainability. It also provides a conceptual and practical understanding of sustainability to be tested in practice.

Keywords: Sustainability, planning approaches, racionality

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Proposal of Environmental Recovery of the Urban Area of the Ouro Monte River Watershed

D. Mondardo; P. P. Bellon; L. B. Santos; C. C. Meinerz (UNIOESTE); A. F. Haoui (UTFPR)

Abstract: The transformation of the rural environment into urban environment will always result in important ecological changes. The planning of a city mustn’t be linked only with the urban center, but also with the rural places, including an ample region, inclusive hydrographical basin, if they exist. It’s necessary to do a study of the soil use and its discipline, verifying the areas of using, occupations and activities to be done to keep its quality and its balance in an acceptable level. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to assess the environmental aspects of the “Monte Ouro” river source and to propose solution to recover the same one. Also, to the stretch which goes through the neighborhood “Parque Independência”, located in Medianeira borough, proposing conscientious alternatives to the soil treatment, creating a drain treatment system, generated by the drain of rain waters residences. It also suggests a plan of environment control to possible future problems in the neighborhood.

Keywords: Urban, ecological planning, sustainable environment

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Proposal to the Residues Reduction in the Process of the Plasma Cutting  of a Manufacturer of Building Systems

G. S. Milan; F. Z. Guedes; F. B. Angnes (UCS)

Abstract: The paper aims to develop a proposal for a reduction in the residues volume in the process of the plasma cutting in a manufacturer of building systems. For this, specific studies on the cleaner production and residues reduction supported a better understanding of these concepts and on the environment in the company serving as a theoretical basis for practical application in the development of specific objectives from the main objective, that is to reduce the volume of residues from the process of the plasma cutting, mainly from scrap metal derived from this process. Thus, the specific objectives have been met regarding the proposal, but the effectiveness of the result can only be measured after the actions implementation to continue getting future due to demand of time for implementation. However, it is clear that to have sustainable development as a guarantee of competitiveness, the company should focus its strategies in prevention and correction actions of problems rather than only attack their effects.

Keywords: Cleaner production, residues, reduction of residues

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Proposals for the Recovery of Waste Processing of Orange Juice

K. Rezzadori; S. Benedetti (UFSC)

Abstract: The Brazil is the world's largest producer of oranges. Most of the Brazilian production, concentrated in São Paulo State, is for the juice industry. One of the main problems faced by industrial processing of orange juice is the large volume of solid and liquid waste produced. The present work proposes alternatives to the minimization and recovery of solid and liquid waste generated in the processing of juice, based on processing a large company in São Paulo State. The alternatives were proposed based on information and data from literature and the concepts of clean technologies.

Keywords: Recovery of waste, orange peel, by-products

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Proposition of a Method for Remanufacturing Based on QFD

F. N. Puglieri (USP)

Abstract: The increasing of eco-design methods during the last decade helped designers to consider the environmental issues in the product development. But many of these methods don’t analyze the end-of-life strategies of the product, as for example the remanufacturing. This paper has as the goal to propose a method based on Quality Function Deployment (QFD) applied on the remanufacturing. This method can help designers in the early phases of the product development where the main decisions about remanufacturing must be taken.

Keywords: QFD, remanufacturing, product development

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Public Environmental Management: Risks and Problems of Garbage in the City of Pelotas / RS

A. S. S. Kautzmann; M. G. S. Nogueira; G. D. O. Casalinho (UFPel)

Abstract: Nowadays, the humanity faces the accelerated depletion of planet’s natural resources in a pace never seen in history. The disorderly growth of the population to levels far above the natural ecosystems and supported by the pressure exerted by this phenomenon, is certainly one of the most important factors for the ecological damage. The large-scale production and wasteful consumption, are other factors that cause, besides the depletion of natural resources, the involvement of whole environments, as people not knowing who to target as many packages and objects into disuse just throwing them in rivers , streams, soils, forests, etc.. Besides the increase in the amount of trash each other due to the growth in levels of consumption, we should consider the fact that this garbage becomes every day less organic, and therefore less digestible. Only Brazil produces 240 tons of garbage per day. Environmental management is a large management mechanism and must be assimilated by all social sectors. With the direct action of communities, these problems could be minimized by organizing, for example, the selective waste collection, among other programs. A selective collection, simplified, which educates the public to separate their garbage at home, at least two groups, the organic and recyclable, it is something essential that urban management can no longer postpone. This study was performed in the city of Pelotas, in the company Sanep - Autonomous Service of Sanitation of Pelotas, where were identified projects under implementation, related to environmental issues most pressing in the city. Due to the exploratory nature of this work, with the content analysis
was possible a more complete and adequate knowledge of the reality. This perception was through interviews with the engineer responsible for managing the city's garbage. Evidence shows that the participation of citizens, communities and civil society as a whole is essential to sustainability and the minimization of risks and environmental problems caused by trash in the city of Pelotas.

Keywords: Environmental management, garbage, selective collection, sustainability

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]

Quantitative and Qualitative analysis in a Study-Case for the use of agricultural and animal waste, production of sugar and alcohol, generating electricity in Araçatuba - São Paulo

C. C. Silva; H. A. P. Silva; J. A. B. Grimoni (USP)

Abstract: The Integrated Small Alcohol Plant (ISAP) is an agriculture industry which produces not only alcohol for the car and pharmacy industries as in the traditional plants, but it integrate the additional production of electricity and food for the surrounding cities which has between 10.000 to 18.000 inhabitants. The sugar cane and sweet sorghum are the basic products from agriculture which are used for the production of 40.000 liters/day of alcohol and 7,13 MW of electricity as well. In the proposed solution, presented in this paper, the period of operation of the plant can be extended up to 10 to 12 months per year, against the usual 6-8 months. The productivity is around 630 tons of sugar cane or sweet sorghum per day. On the sweet sorghum area, during the eight months period between the harvest and the plantation, it is used to grow crops and vegetables as another income for the plant. There are also beef cattle and milk production, as well as the introduction of pig farming. The total area of the ISAP is 4.360 ha including the rural and industry area. The ISAP’s solution, which is proposed in this work, for the Adminstrative Region of Araçatuba in the Northeast of the State of São Paulo-Brazil, is based on the maximum environmental and social efficiency, which eliminates the burning practice after harvest. The vinasse is treated in an anaerobic process to use in the agriculture area, resulting in a good fertilizer mixed with the pig farming and cattle dejects which are also used for electricity generation in the plant. The ISAP project may be a way to economic development, fixing population complying with the highest demands of environmental care and with a sustainable development. 

Keywords: Agro-Industry, alcohol, renewable energy, emergy, externaties

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Reasons for introducing Ecodesign: a case study in the automotive industry

M. Borchardt (UNISINOS); L. A. C. Poltosi (Leonel Poltosi - RS); M. A. Sellitto; G. M. Pereira (UNISINOS)

Abstract: This paper aims to present a case study in the automotive industry, which object is to identify the reasons for introducing ecodesign techniques. Ecodesign searches for innovative solutions in designing and developing new products, taking into account, at the same time, environmental and economics issues along the life cycle of products, which can contribute for sustainability. The paper presents the research methodology and a review about ecodesign. Then, we describe the findings. The report contains some environmentally accepted practices in the automotive industry, search for the motivation of the company for implementing ecodesign and concludes with the process of implantation, design policies and a preliminary assessment of the results yet yielded. We remark that, for technical difficulty with data basis, the company did not implanted yet the life cycle analysis, which could be made along with the ecodesign. The paper comes to an end with final comments and directions for further research.

Keywords: Ecodesign, life cycle analysis, green products, environmental management

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Reduction In Waste Of Firewood And Raw Material Applying The Methodology Of Cleaner Production In The Sector Of Red Ceramic In Seridó Region

E. P. Almeida; L. R. Porto; E. M. M. A. Nóbrega; A. F. F. Queiroga (CEPIS-PB); I. Costa (IFET-PB)

Abstract: This work shows and discusses the outcome of opportunities for cleaner production in 05 Potteries located in Seridó - RN, precisely in the region of Carnauba dos Dantas, using the cleaner production methodology. Due to the amount of waste that occurs in the red ceramic industry, this study aims at map ping opportunities for cleaner production, generating improvement options for the identified opportunities to support the implementation of these options and show a reduction in the consumption of firewood on that region. The stages consisted of advice from a rapid diagnosis, awareness meeting, measurements, generation of options and action plan. Data logger, pyrometers, Digital Pliers and Dynamometer were used to the step of measurements in order to quantify losses and consumption and the behavior of the burning curve. The results show that all companies had potential for improvement, especially in the following aspects: the preparation of clay, the burning process, in electric power consumption and the large amount of rewor. It was concluded that the predicted total environmental benefit (reduction in consumption), due to the changes in the process was: 3.546 st of firewood; With good operating practices: 1340 st of firewood; improvement in the control of the process was: 216 st of firewood.

Keywords: Red ceramic, cleaner production, energetic efficiency

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Reuse Of Water And Process Waste From The Dairy Industry

- L. F. W. Brum; L. C. O. Santos Júnior; S. Benedetti (UFSC)

Abstract: Dairy industry is an activity of great importance in the global economy, and in Brazil, the seventh largest producer. This sector has lived with the consumption of water for cleaning, which represents more than 80% of the demand for water in agro industries and subsequently treated in waste treatment system. Some suggestions were made to decrease the pollution potential of the effluentof the dairy industry, by proposing the inclusion of a technology using membranes, as part of the process, seeking the recovery and concentration of milk solids in the rinse water from the first equipment, and application of these solids in the manufacture of products derived from milk source and water from the permeate water as the return of industrial process, considering the volume of production of UHT milk and cream of the dairy industry at large to Carazinho / RS - Brazil. To minimize the generation of effluents, one of the main roads is the reuse of water and incorporated into the plant. Treat the surplus of production may not only allow its reuse, but its recovery through the recovery of protein and fat for later incorporation. The fractionation of the dairy effluent through the use of technology for separation membranes in permeates and reject suggests the use of two currents. A promising alternative is the use of this concentrate, rich in protein and fat in dairy products, replacing them is part of the raw material for this concentrate. The use of wastewater as the process is possible through its return to water for cleaning. The reduction of the volume released and minimizing the load of the effluent are the main advantages of applying this type of technology in the dairy industry. Assuming the volume of production of the dairy industry from large to Carazinho / RS - Brazil, the volume of effluent to be removed from the TEE would be approximately 435,200 L / day and shall have the reintegration of about 130,500 L / day of reclaimed wastewater in the industrial process. Moreover, the insertion of soluble solids recovered in a line of dairy sugar products as an ingredient partial leverage the economic benefit through a production of approximately 304,700 L / day of waste milk.

Keywords: Dairy industry, reuse, effluent, milk industry wastewater, membranes

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Saving Productive Resources through Simulation Models Studies

M. S. Nogueira Neto (UNIP); R. C. Barros (FEI); J. B. Sacomano; J. L. A. Lima (UNIP)

Abstract: The necessity of sending goods produced in several different geographical positions highlights the logistics strategy so that the involved costs may become minimized. The presented study points the importance of the knowledge about simulation, using it as a support tool for the decision in the transport logistics, focusing the size of a truck’s fleet. It will be added the concept of simulation with the logistics strategy, intending to improve the way of spending the resources. The research develops in a highway transporter loads station. Through simulation the actual results will be compared to the supposed one. The productivity increase in the use of different transportation ways reflects positively in the environmental preservation reducing the energy and raw materials consumption used in the production of these equipments and the fuels to move them.

Keywords: Simulation, logistic, environmental preservation, productivity

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese] [Presentation in Portuguese]

Segregation of Waste Health Services as a Cleaning Production Process: Case Study of the 7th Region of São Paulo State

E. M. Paveloski; J. Hamada (UNESP-Bauru)

Abstract: This paper addresses to the importance of correct segregation of Waste Health Services (RSS) like main factor of the practice of the cleaner production inside the generators enterprises, and examines through the case study, the situation of the Waste Health Services in the region of the CODER ((Council of Regional Economic Development) that has Bauru as a headquarter. The objective was to improve data, evaluate the current situation and the issue of Waste Health Services ant the influence of the correct segregation. To complete these objectives, the analysis by the author lead to a picture of the current status of health waste services in the region, exposing the weaknesses of laws, that includes mainly the major producers and the low qualification of the workforce, and, in consequence, reduces the issues and discussions about the quality by process of segregation, and, in the final destination, the environmental problems.

Keywords: Waste Health Services, Health Services Management, Regional Research

[Abstract] [Paper in Portuguese]